Exam #2 Chapters 6 & 9 Flashcards
-we defined the skeletal system as _____ plus ____
bones and cartilages
-the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders
osteology
the functions of the ____
- support
- protection
- assist in movement
- mineral homeostasis
- blood cell production
- triglyceride storage
skeletal system
- within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces RBC’s , WBC’s and platelets, a process called ____
- blood cell production
hemopoiesis
-consist mainly of adipose cells, which store triclycerides
yellow bone marrow
-bones store calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals, and release them on demand
mineral homeostasis
- a ____ bone that has greater length and width and consists of :
- diaphysis
- epiphyses
- metaphyses
- periostuem
- medullary canal
- endosteum
long bone
- bone shaft
- main portion of bone
- contains yellow bone marrow
diaphysis
- the proximal and distal ends of bone
- contains red blood marrow
epiphyses
- growing bone, transitional region, contains epiphyseal plate/line
- contains red blood marrow
metaphyses
-a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation
articular cartilage
-connective tissue sheath, where there is no cartilage
periosteum
-is a hollow, contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels
medullary cavity
- thin membrane of bone forming cells
- lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
-bone is a connective tissue because
____ and ____
extracellular matrix and distance between cells
-in bone, collagen fibers make a framework, then mineral salts are deposited to harden the tissue, this is ____
calcification
-the most abundant mineral salt in bone is ____
calcium phosphate
- unspecified cells derived from the mesenchyme
- they divide and develop into osteopblast
osteoprogenitor cells
- secrete collagen fibers, initiate calcification, surrounding themselves with ECM
- forms bone ECM
- once trapped they differentiate into osteocytes
osteoblasts
- the word ending in _____, of a bone cell or any other connective tissue cell means the cell secretes extracellular matrix
- builds bonefusion
blasts
- mature cells, take care of bone’s metabolism such as exchange nutrients and waste
- do not undergo cell division
osteocytes
-the ending ____, of a bone cell or any other tissue cell means that cell maintains and monitors tissue
cyte
- fusion of as many as 50 monosytes (WBC’s)
- functions in reabsorption,
- contain lysosomal enzymes to breakdown bone extracellular matrix, which is called bone resorption
osteoclast
- contains few spaces, and is the strongest form of bone
- remodels when stressed
compact bone tissue
-repeating structural units in compact bone, also known as haversian systems
osteons
- the resembling of growth rings in osteons
- plates of mineralized ECM
concentric lamellae
-blood vessels and nerves that the concentric lamellae is around
osteonic canal
- between the concentric lamellae are small spaces called ____
- where osteocytes reside
lacunae
- radiating in all directions from the lacunae
- filled with ECF, and projections of the osteocytes
- systems to exchange wastes, nutrients, oxygen
canaliculi
- between neighboring osteons
- result of reorganization of bone being built
- bones reorganize because of stress
interstitial lamellae
- vessels and nerves connecting medullary cavity, periosteum, and central canals
- keeps bone alive
interosteonic canals
-around the circumference (outer edge) of bone
circumferential lamellae
-connects circumferential lamellae to periosteum
perforating fibers
- does not have osteons
- always located inferior of a bone, protected by compact bone
- builds when stressed
spongy bone tissue
-in spongy bone, lamellae arranged in irregular, thin columns called ____
trabeculae
-spaces between trabeculae are filled with ____
red marrow
-aligned along trabeculae of new bone are _____
osteoblasts
-the process by which bone forms
ossification
_____ happens in this order
- develop ossification center
- calcification
- formation of trabeculae and red bone marrow
- development of periosteum
intramembraneous ossification
- when bone forms directly within mesenchyme developed from periosteum
- flat and facial bones
- soft spots
intramembraneous ossification
-the cluster of mesenchyme cells that differentiate in bone formation and secrete
ossification center
- ____ happens in this order where connective tissue created the bone
1. development of cartilage model
2. growth of model
3. primary ossification center (diaphysis)
4. medullary canal
5. secondary ossification center (epiphyses)
6. articular cartilage and growth plate
endochondrial ossification
-chondroblast secrete ECM consisting of hyaline cartilage
cartilage model
-the ____ goes from chondroblasts to chondrocytes to interstitial growth (cartilaginous growth)
growth of a model
-in this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of the cartilage
primary ossification center
-_____ centers occur in the epiphyses of the bone
secondary ossification
-when adolescence comes to an end, the epipyseal plate fades leaving a bony structure called _____, when this line appears bone growth has stopped
epiphyseal line
-bone formed by ____, bone destroyed by ____
osteoblasts
osteoclasts (reabsorption)
-the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue
bone remoldeling
-the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone osteoclast
bone resorption
-the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
bone deposition
- the benefits of ____ are:
- respond to stress
- alter shape
- resist fracture
bone remodeling
- point of contact between:
- two bones
- bone and cartilage
- bone and teeth
articulations (joints, arthroses)
-articulations are classified based on ____ and ____
structure and degree of movement
-joint structure are classified as 3 types:
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
-the degree of movement of joints are classified as 3 types:
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
-the study of joints
arthrology
- no synovial cavity
- bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
- are synarthrosis (immovable)
fibrous joints
- no synovial cavity
- bones are held together by cartilage
- are amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
cartilaginous joints
- has synovial cavity
- united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and often accessory ligaments
- diarthrosis
- EX: shoulder, elbow, knee
synovial joints
-an immovable joint
synarthrosis
-slightly movable joint
amphiarthrosis
- freely movable joint, all are synovial joints
- have variety of shapes and permit different types of movement
diathrosis
-sutures, syndesmosis and interosseous membranes are ____
fibrous joints
-fibrous joints formed by articulation of the skull, immovable(syn) in adults and amph
sutures
- type of suture that is a bony joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one
- immovable (syn)
- EX: frontal bone grows in halves across suture lines
synostosis
-fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance (longer bands) between the articulation surfaces and more tissue
-amph
EX: teeth (gomphosis) and tibiofibular ligament connects
sydesmosis
- cone-shaped peg fits into a socket
- Ex: teeth (amph)
gomphosis
- fibrous joint that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement
- EX: radius and ulna , tibia and fibia
interosseous membrane
-types of _____ are synchondrosis, sympyses, and epiphyseal cartilages
cartilaginous joints
- connecting material is hyaline cartilage and is slightly movable to immovable (syn and amph)
- EX: between first rib and manubrium
synchondroses
- joint which ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects to bones.
- all occurs in midline of the body, slightly movable joint (amph)
- EX: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints between vertebrae,
symphyses
- hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondral bone formation
- not associated with movements
- immovable joint, when bone elongation ends bone replaces the cartilage and becomes synostosis
epiphyseal cartilage
-a space within the synovial joint between articulating bone
synovial cavity
-bones at the synovial joint are covered with hyaline cartilage called ____, does not bind them together but reduces friction between bones and absorbs shock
articular cartilage
- sleevelike capsule arround a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites articulating bones
- has a outer fibrous membrane and a inner synovial membrane
articular capsule
3 major things that keep bone from bumping each other are:
synovial cavity
articular capsule
articular cartilage
-clear pale yellow fluid, resembles egg whites
synovial fluid
- synovial joints also have accessory ligaments
- the ____ lie outside articular capsule
- the ____ occur within articular capsule
extracapsular ligaments
intracapsular ligaments
-saclike structures called ____ alleviate friction in like shoulder and knee joints
bursae
- -flat or slightly curved, permit back and forth and side to side movement
- biaxial and triaxial
- between carpal bones at the wrist and tarsal bones at the ankle
plane joint
-joints that permit movement in two axes are called ____
biaxial
-an ____ is a straight line around which a bone rotates or slides
axis
-permitting movement in three axes
triaxial
- the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, an opening and closing movement
- uniaxial, permits flexion and extension
- EX: knee, elbow, ankle
hinge joint
-allowing motion around a single axis
uniaxial
- rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
- uniaxial
- EX: allows head to turn side to side like saying no, between of radius and radial notch of ulna
pivot joint
- convex oval shape bone fits into another oval depression of another bone
- biaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction
- EX: wrist
condyloid joint
-you have ___ phanlanges all together
14
- articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits the saddle
- biaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction
- EX: wrist and thumb
saddle joint
- consist of the ball like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
- triaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction, rotation
- EX: shoulder, hip joint (acetabulum)
ball and socket jointa
-composed of the skin, hair, oil, and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors
integumentary system
- the functions of the ____:
- regulate body temp
- store blood
- protection
- detect cutaneous sensations
- excrete/absorb
- make Vitamin D
integumentary system
- decrease in angle between bones
- ex: arms, hips, knees
flexion
- increase in angle between bones
- ex: arms, hips, knees
extension
-movement of bone away from midline
abduction
-movement of bone towards the midline
adduction
- movement of bone around a turning axis
- ex: skull, trunk
rotation
-movement that turns palms posteriorly
pronation
-movement that turns palms superiorly
supination
-movement that turns foot medially
inversion
-movement that turns foot outward
eversion
- movement of toes upward
- standing on heels
dorsiflexion
-movement of toes downward
plantar flexion
- upward movement of the body
- mandible, shoulders, hyoid
elevation
- downward movement of the body
- mandible, shoulders, hyoid
depession
-an example of an place where synchondrosis happens is in the _____
ribs
-the _____divides the synovial capsule fully
articular disc
- an incomplete crescent, inside the synovial capsule
- found in the knee, resist tension and torsion
meniscus
