Exam #2 Chapters 6 & 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

-we defined the skeletal system as _____ plus ____

A

bones and cartilages

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2
Q

-the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

A

osteology

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3
Q

the functions of the ____

  • support
  • protection
  • assist in movement
  • mineral homeostasis
  • blood cell production
  • triglyceride storage
A

skeletal system

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4
Q
  • within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces RBC’s , WBC’s and platelets, a process called ____
  • blood cell production
A

hemopoiesis

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5
Q

-consist mainly of adipose cells, which store triclycerides

A

yellow bone marrow

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6
Q

-bones store calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals, and release them on demand

A

mineral homeostasis

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7
Q
  • a ____ bone that has greater length and width and consists of :
  • diaphysis
  • epiphyses
  • metaphyses
  • periostuem
  • medullary canal
  • endosteum
A

long bone

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8
Q
  • bone shaft
  • main portion of bone
  • contains yellow bone marrow
A

diaphysis

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9
Q
  • the proximal and distal ends of bone

- contains red blood marrow

A

epiphyses

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10
Q
  • growing bone, transitional region, contains epiphyseal plate/line
  • contains red blood marrow
A

metaphyses

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11
Q

-a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation

A

articular cartilage

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12
Q

-connective tissue sheath, where there is no cartilage

A

periosteum

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13
Q

-is a hollow, contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels

A

medullary cavity

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14
Q
  • thin membrane of bone forming cells

- lines the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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15
Q

-bone is a connective tissue because

____ and ____

A

extracellular matrix and distance between cells

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16
Q

-in bone, collagen fibers make a framework, then mineral salts are deposited to harden the tissue, this is ____

A

calcification

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17
Q

-the most abundant mineral salt in bone is ____

A

calcium phosphate

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18
Q
  • unspecified cells derived from the mesenchyme

- they divide and develop into osteopblast

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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19
Q
  • secrete collagen fibers, initiate calcification, surrounding themselves with ECM
  • forms bone ECM
  • once trapped they differentiate into osteocytes
A

osteoblasts

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20
Q
  • the word ending in _____, of a bone cell or any other connective tissue cell means the cell secretes extracellular matrix
  • builds bonefusion
A

blasts

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21
Q
  • mature cells, take care of bone’s metabolism such as exchange nutrients and waste
  • do not undergo cell division
A

osteocytes

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22
Q

-the ending ____, of a bone cell or any other tissue cell means that cell maintains and monitors tissue

A

cyte

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23
Q
  • fusion of as many as 50 monosytes (WBC’s)
  • functions in reabsorption,
  • contain lysosomal enzymes to breakdown bone extracellular matrix, which is called bone resorption
A

osteoclast

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24
Q
  • contains few spaces, and is the strongest form of bone

- remodels when stressed

A

compact bone tissue

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25
Q

-repeating structural units in compact bone, also known as haversian systems

A

osteons

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26
Q
  • the resembling of growth rings in osteons

- plates of mineralized ECM

A

concentric lamellae

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27
Q

-blood vessels and nerves that the concentric lamellae is around

A

osteonic canal

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28
Q
  • between the concentric lamellae are small spaces called ____
  • where osteocytes reside
A

lacunae

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29
Q
  • radiating in all directions from the lacunae
  • filled with ECF, and projections of the osteocytes
  • systems to exchange wastes, nutrients, oxygen
A

canaliculi

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30
Q
  • between neighboring osteons
  • result of reorganization of bone being built
  • bones reorganize because of stress
A

interstitial lamellae

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31
Q
  • vessels and nerves connecting medullary cavity, periosteum, and central canals
  • keeps bone alive
A

interosteonic canals

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32
Q

-around the circumference (outer edge) of bone

A

circumferential lamellae

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33
Q

-connects circumferential lamellae to periosteum

A

perforating fibers

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34
Q
  • does not have osteons
  • always located inferior of a bone, protected by compact bone
  • builds when stressed
A

spongy bone tissue

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35
Q

-in spongy bone, lamellae arranged in irregular, thin columns called ____

A

trabeculae

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36
Q

-spaces between trabeculae are filled with ____

A

red marrow

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37
Q

-aligned along trabeculae of new bone are _____

A

osteoblasts

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38
Q

-the process by which bone forms

A

ossification

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39
Q

_____ happens in this order

  1. develop ossification center
  2. calcification
  3. formation of trabeculae and red bone marrow
  4. development of periosteum
A

intramembraneous ossification

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40
Q
  • when bone forms directly within mesenchyme developed from periosteum
  • flat and facial bones
  • soft spots
A

intramembraneous ossification

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41
Q

-the cluster of mesenchyme cells that differentiate in bone formation and secrete

A

ossification center

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42
Q
  • ____ happens in this order where connective tissue created the bone
    1. development of cartilage model
    2. growth of model
    3. primary ossification center (diaphysis)
    4. medullary canal
    5. secondary ossification center (epiphyses)
    6. articular cartilage and growth plate
A

endochondrial ossification

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43
Q

-chondroblast secrete ECM consisting of hyaline cartilage

A

cartilage model

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44
Q

-the ____ goes from chondroblasts to chondrocytes to interstitial growth (cartilaginous growth)

A

growth of a model

45
Q

-in this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of the cartilage

A

primary ossification center

46
Q

-_____ centers occur in the epiphyses of the bone

A

secondary ossification

47
Q

-when adolescence comes to an end, the epipyseal plate fades leaving a bony structure called _____, when this line appears bone growth has stopped

A

epiphyseal line

48
Q

-bone formed by ____, bone destroyed by ____

A

osteoblasts

osteoclasts (reabsorption)

49
Q

-the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue

A

bone remoldeling

50
Q

-the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone osteoclast

A

bone resorption

51
Q

-the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

A

bone deposition

52
Q
  • the benefits of ____ are:
  • respond to stress
  • alter shape
  • resist fracture
A

bone remodeling

53
Q
  • point of contact between:
  • two bones
  • bone and cartilage
  • bone and teeth
A

articulations (joints, arthroses)

54
Q

-articulations are classified based on ____ and ____

A

structure and degree of movement

55
Q

-joint structure are classified as 3 types:

A

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

56
Q

-the degree of movement of joints are classified as 3 types:

A

synarthrosis

amphiarthrosis

diarthrosis

57
Q

-the study of joints

A

arthrology

58
Q
  • no synovial cavity
  • bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
  • are synarthrosis (immovable)
A

fibrous joints

59
Q
  • no synovial cavity
  • bones are held together by cartilage
  • are amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
A

cartilaginous joints

60
Q
  • has synovial cavity
  • united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and often accessory ligaments
  • diarthrosis
  • EX: shoulder, elbow, knee
A

synovial joints

61
Q

-an immovable joint

A

synarthrosis

62
Q

-slightly movable joint

A

amphiarthrosis

63
Q
  • freely movable joint, all are synovial joints

- have variety of shapes and permit different types of movement

A

diathrosis

64
Q

-sutures, syndesmosis and interosseous membranes are ____

A

fibrous joints

65
Q

-fibrous joints formed by articulation of the skull, immovable(syn) in adults and amph

A

sutures

66
Q
  • type of suture that is a bony joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one
  • immovable (syn)
  • EX: frontal bone grows in halves across suture lines
A

synostosis

67
Q

-fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance (longer bands) between the articulation surfaces and more tissue
-amph
EX: teeth (gomphosis) and tibiofibular ligament connects

A

sydesmosis

68
Q
  • cone-shaped peg fits into a socket

- Ex: teeth (amph)

A

gomphosis

69
Q
  • fibrous joint that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement
  • EX: radius and ulna , tibia and fibia
A

interosseous membrane

70
Q

-types of _____ are synchondrosis, sympyses, and epiphyseal cartilages

A

cartilaginous joints

71
Q
  • connecting material is hyaline cartilage and is slightly movable to immovable (syn and amph)
  • EX: between first rib and manubrium
A

synchondroses

72
Q
  • joint which ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects to bones.
  • all occurs in midline of the body, slightly movable joint (amph)
  • EX: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints between vertebrae,
A

symphyses

73
Q
  • hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondral bone formation
  • not associated with movements
  • immovable joint, when bone elongation ends bone replaces the cartilage and becomes synostosis
A

epiphyseal cartilage

74
Q

-a space within the synovial joint between articulating bone

A

synovial cavity

75
Q

-bones at the synovial joint are covered with hyaline cartilage called ____, does not bind them together but reduces friction between bones and absorbs shock

A

articular cartilage

76
Q
  • sleevelike capsule arround a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites articulating bones
  • has a outer fibrous membrane and a inner synovial membrane
A

articular capsule

77
Q

3 major things that keep bone from bumping each other are:

A

synovial cavity

articular capsule

articular cartilage

78
Q

-clear pale yellow fluid, resembles egg whites

A

synovial fluid

79
Q
  • synovial joints also have accessory ligaments
  • the ____ lie outside articular capsule
  • the ____ occur within articular capsule
A

extracapsular ligaments

intracapsular ligaments

80
Q

-saclike structures called ____ alleviate friction in like shoulder and knee joints

A

bursae

81
Q
  • -flat or slightly curved, permit back and forth and side to side movement
  • biaxial and triaxial
  • between carpal bones at the wrist and tarsal bones at the ankle
A

plane joint

82
Q

-joints that permit movement in two axes are called ____

A

biaxial

83
Q

-an ____ is a straight line around which a bone rotates or slides

A

axis

84
Q

-permitting movement in three axes

A

triaxial

85
Q
  • the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, an opening and closing movement
  • uniaxial, permits flexion and extension
  • EX: knee, elbow, ankle
A

hinge joint

86
Q

-allowing motion around a single axis

A

uniaxial

87
Q
  • rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
  • uniaxial
  • EX: allows head to turn side to side like saying no, between of radius and radial notch of ulna
A

pivot joint

88
Q
  • convex oval shape bone fits into another oval depression of another bone
  • biaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction
  • EX: wrist
A

condyloid joint

89
Q

-you have ___ phanlanges all together

A

14

90
Q
  • articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits the saddle
  • biaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction
  • EX: wrist and thumb
A

saddle joint

91
Q
  • consist of the ball like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
  • triaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction, rotation
  • EX: shoulder, hip joint (acetabulum)
A

ball and socket jointa

92
Q

-composed of the skin, hair, oil, and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors

A

integumentary system

93
Q
  • the functions of the ____:
  • regulate body temp
  • store blood
  • protection
  • detect cutaneous sensations
  • excrete/absorb
  • make Vitamin D
A

integumentary system

94
Q
  • decrease in angle between bones

- ex: arms, hips, knees

A

flexion

95
Q
  • increase in angle between bones

- ex: arms, hips, knees

A

extension

96
Q

-movement of bone away from midline

A

abduction

97
Q

-movement of bone towards the midline

A

adduction

98
Q
  • movement of bone around a turning axis

- ex: skull, trunk

A

rotation

99
Q

-movement that turns palms posteriorly

A

pronation

100
Q

-movement that turns palms superiorly

A

supination

101
Q

-movement that turns foot medially

A

inversion

102
Q

-movement that turns foot outward

A

eversion

103
Q
  • movement of toes upward

- standing on heels

A

dorsiflexion

104
Q

-movement of toes downward

A

plantar flexion

105
Q
  • upward movement of the body

- mandible, shoulders, hyoid

A

elevation

106
Q
  • downward movement of the body

- mandible, shoulders, hyoid

A

depession

107
Q

-an example of an place where synchondrosis happens is in the _____

A

ribs

108
Q

-the _____divides the synovial capsule fully

A

articular disc

109
Q
  • an incomplete crescent, inside the synovial capsule

- found in the knee, resist tension and torsion

A

meniscus