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Biology I > Exam #4 Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • specific purposes of the _____:
  • rapid responses: neural circuits that do not involve the brain allow for reflexive actions to occur
  • integration zone for EPSP’s and IPSP’s
  • deliver sensory information to the brain, and motor output to muscles
A

spinal cord

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2
Q

-3 protective structures of the spinal cord: _____, _____, and _____

A

vertebral column

meninges

CSF

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3
Q

-3 protective connective tissue coverings encircling the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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4
Q

-the spinal cord is also protected by a cushion of fat and connective tissue located in the _____, a space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal

A

epidural space

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5
Q

-the meninges from superficial to deep are: _____, ____, and _____

A

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

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6
Q
  • literally, tough mother, the most superficial layer
  • thick dense irregular connective tissue
  • continuous with the epineurium, the outer covering of the spinal and cranial nerves
A

dura mater

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7
Q
  • the middle portion

- thin, avascular, composed of cells, collagen and elastic fibers

A

arachnoid mater

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8
Q
  • the innermost layer
  • thin, transparent layer, adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain
  • highly vascular, supplies oxygen and nutrients
A

pia mater

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9
Q

-between the dura and arachnoid is a thin _____ filled with interstitial fluid

A

subdural space

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10
Q

-between the arachnoid and pia is the _____, which contains CSF

A

subarachnoid space

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11
Q

-triangular shaped extensions of the pia mater called _____ suspend the spinal cord in the dural sheath

A

denticulate ligaments

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12
Q
  • roughly oval in shape, being flattened slightly anteriorly and posteriorly
  • in adults it extends from the medulla oblongata, the inferior part of the brain, to superior border of the second lumbar vertebra
  • in newborns, it extends to the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebra
A

spinal cord

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13
Q

-the location of the _____ of the body is why its enlargements of the spine

A

plexi

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14
Q
  • the superior enlargement

- C4 to T1, where nerves to and from upper limbs arise

A

cervical enlargement

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15
Q
  • the inferior enlargement

- T9 to T12, nerves to and from lower limbs

A

lumbar enlargement

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16
Q

-between L1 and L2, tapering cone-shaped end of spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

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17
Q

-extension of pia mater, fuses with arachnoid and dura, anchors spinal cord to coccyx

A

filum terminale

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18
Q
  • 2 bundles of axons
  • posterior =sensory
  • anterior =motor
A

roots

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19
Q

-swelling, contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

posterior root ganglion

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20
Q
  • the paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body
  • the spinal cord appears to be segmented b/c the 31 pairs of ____ emerge at regular intervals from intervertebral foramina
A

spinal nerves

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21
Q

-horse’s tail, roots of lower spinal nerves

A

cauda equina

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22
Q

-extends all the way to the 4th ventricle of the medulla oblongata, filled with CSF

A

central canal

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23
Q

-functional groups, clusters of neuronal cell bodies (sensory/motor)

A

nuclei

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24
Q

-3 regions of grey matter = _____

A

horns

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25
Q

-consists of axons of sensory neurons and interneurons

A

posterior horn

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26
Q

-consist of somatic motor nuclei

A

anterior horn

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27
Q
  • only in thoracic and upper lumbar sections, autonomic motor nuclei
  • not always there, on anterior side
A

lateral horn

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28
Q

-white matter organized into _____, columns of axons carrying similar info

A

tracts

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29
Q
  • bundles of axons in the PNS = _____

- in the CNS it = _____

A

nerves

tracts

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30
Q

-spinal nerves are mixed nerves because ?

A

they contain both sensory and motor axons

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31
Q
  1. ascend directly via sensory tract in white matter
  2. ascend directly via interneuron tract in white matter
  • in both cases, the descending tract may return an output signal
    3. connect to motor neuron via interneuron, skipping additional integration by the brain (reflex)
A

3 pathways for incoming sensory information

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32
Q

-the motor descending tract does not need the _____ to make decisions

A

brain

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33
Q

-the epineurium, perineurium, and the endoneurium are the anatomy of a _____

A

spinal nerve

34
Q
  • inner most layer

- has fibroblasts and macrophages

A

endoneurium

35
Q

-groups of axons with their endoneurium are held together in bundles called _____, each wrapped in _____

A

fascicles

perineurium

36
Q
  • the middle layer

- thicker layer of connective tissue

A

perineurium

37
Q
  • the outer most covering

- fuses with dura mater at intervertebral foramen

A

epineurium

38
Q

-axons from the rami of spinal nerves form a network with adjacent nerves

A

plexus

39
Q

-5 plexuses are ____, _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

cervical

brachial

lumbar

sacral

coccygeal

40
Q

-the cervical plexus is from __ to __

A

C1 to C5

41
Q

-the brachial plexus is from __ to __

A

C5 to T1

42
Q

-the lumbar plexus is from __ to __

A

L1 to L4

43
Q

-the sacral plexus is from __ to __

A

L4 to S4

44
Q

-the coccygeal plexus is from __ to __

A

S5 to S5 much smaller

45
Q

-the anterior rami of spinal nerves T2 to T12 do not enter into the formation of plexuses and are known as _____

A

intercostal nerves or thoracic nerves

46
Q

-a short distance after passing through its intervertebral foramen, a spinal nerve divides into several braches called _____

A

rami

47
Q
  • head and shoulders are part of the _____ of the cervical plexus
  • sensory function
A

superficial sensory branches

48
Q

-the neck and postural muscles are part of the ____ of the cervical plexus

A

deep motor branches

49
Q

-innervates the diaphragm, controls breathing, from C3 to C5

A

phrenic nerve

50
Q
  • C5 to T1, part of brachial plexus
  • most forearm flexors, some muscles of hand
  • skin of hand and fingers
A

median nerve

51
Q
  • C5 to T1, part of the brachial plexus

- forearm extensors, skin of posterior arm, hands and fingers

A

radial nerve

52
Q
  • C8 to T1, part of brachial plexus
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • most muscles of hand, skin of hands and fingers
A

ulnar nerve

53
Q

-provides almost all nerves of shoulder and upper limbs

A

brachial plexus

54
Q

-sensory function: anterior lower limbs and genitals

A

lumbar plexus

55
Q
  • L2 to L4, of lumbar plexus
  • hip flexors and knee extensors, skin over thigh and medial leg/foot
  • kick nerve
  • additional motor functions: anterolateral abdominal wall, hip adductors
A

femoral nerve

56
Q

-sensory: posterior lower limbs and genitals

A

sacral plexus

57
Q
  • L4 to S3 of sacral plexus
  • has two nerves, tibial and common fibular
  • they are bound by connective tissue, innervates hamstrings and then splits below the knee
A

sciatic nerve

58
Q
  • L4 to S3 of sacral plexus

- gastrocnemius and other muscles of plantar flexion and toe flexion

A

tibial nerve

59
Q
  • L4 to S2 of sacral plexus

- tibialis anterior and muscles of dorsiflexion, toe extension

A

common fibular

60
Q

-is a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus

A

reflex

61
Q
  • the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is a _____
  • protection, used for speed response
A

reflex arc

62
Q
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector

-these are the 5 functional components of the _____

A

reflex arc

63
Q

-integration occurs in the _____ and _____

A

cranial reflex and spinal reflex

64
Q

-when integration occurs in the brainstem

A

cranial reflex

65
Q

-when integration occurs in the spinal cord grey matter

A

spinal reflex

66
Q

-the effectors of the reflex are _____ and _____

A

somatic reflexes and autonomic (visceral) reflexes

67
Q

-effector that contracts skeletal muscles

A

somatic reflexes

68
Q

-effectors that are smooth or cardiac muscles, and glands

A

autonomic (visceral) reflexes

69
Q

-the _____ and _____ are the synapses of the CNS

A

monosynaptic and polysynaptic

70
Q

-a reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS

A

monosynaptic reflex arc

71
Q

-involves more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse

A

polysynaptic reflex arc

72
Q

-the nerve impulses travel either _____ or _____

A

ipsilateral or contralateral

73
Q
  • sensory input enters the same side of the SC that the motor output leaves
  • all monosynaptic reflexes
A

ipsilateral reflexes

74
Q

-sensory and motor on opposite sides

A

contralateral reflexes

75
Q
  • contraction of a skeletal muscle (the effector) in response to stretching of the muscle
  • monosynaptic and ipsilateral
A

stretch reflex

76
Q

-small degree of contraction present while the muscle is at rest

A

muscle tone

77
Q
  • operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great the tendon tears
  • polysynaptic and ipsilateral
A

tendon reflex

78
Q
  • polysynaptic, ipsilateral reflex

- the withdrawal reflex, in response to a painful stimulus

A

flexor reflex

79
Q
  • helps you maintain balance in response to a painful stimulus
  • polysynaptic , contralateral reflex
A

crossed extensor reflex

80
Q
  • when light is shined in one eye and both eyes in response pupils constrict
  • polysynaptic, ipsilateral, and contralateral
A

autonomic cranial reflex

81
Q
  • a region of the skin that sends sensory info to the CNS vía a single pair of spinal nerves
  • they are helpful in diagnosing nerve damage due to their very well defined sensory regions
A

dermatome

Biology I (13 decks)

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