Exam # 4 Chapter 14 Flashcards
-the 4 parts of the brain are:
brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum
-continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
brainstem
-posterior to the brainstem, the little brain
cerebellum
- superior to the brainstem
- forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
diencephalon
-the largest part of the brain
cerebrum
- continuous with the spinal meninges, have the same basic structures and bear the same names:
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
cranial meninges
- the outer covering
- has two layers, periosteal and meningeal, fused together except around the dural ventral sinuses
- has no epidural space, the blood vessels pass along the surface and penetrate inward wrapped in pia mater
dura mater
- 3 extensions of the _____:
- falx cerebri
- falx cerebelli
- tentorium cerebelli
dura mater
-separates two hemispheres of cerebrum
falx cerebri
-separates 2 hemispheres of cerebellum
falx cerebelli
-separates cerebrum and cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
- protection, keeps things out of the brain
- endothelial cells of the brains capillaries are connected with tight junctions, and surrounded by a think basement membrane
- astrocytes secrete chemicals to seal the junctions between cells
- nonpolar substances can get through: O2, C02, steroid hormones, as well as transported substances like glucose
blood brain barrier (BBB)
- colorless liquid, primarily water
- contains: 02, glucose, proteins, cations, an white blood cells
cerebrospinal fluid
- functions of the _____:
- mechanical protection: shock absorbing
- chemical protection: proper chemical environment for signal transduction
- circulation: exchange nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue
cerebrospinal fluid
- the majority of CSF production
- network of capillaries in the wall of ventricles
choroid plexuses
- filter the blood, letting mostly water through
- bidirectional, allowing transport back to the blood
- surrounds capillaries and choroid plexuses
ependymal cells
-permits certain substances to enter the CSF but excludes others, protecting the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood borne subsatnces
blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier
-ventricals all produce its own _____
CSF
- locations: superior to spinal cord, beginning at foramen magnum. forms the inferior part of brainstem (inferior to pons)
- contains all sensory and motor tracts that extend from SC to brian
medulla oblongata
-bulges of white matter, large corticospinal tracts that control voluntary movement
pyramids
- 90% of tracts cross right/left
- explains why each side of the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body
decussation of pyramids
- oval shaped swelling lateral to pyramids
- contain olivary nuclei
olive
- regulates everything
- cardivasular center
- resp center/functions with pon
- vomiting center
- deglutition center (swallowing)
- sneezing, couhing, hiccuping
- taste, hearing, equilibrium
medulla oblongata
-adjust motor outputs while learning new motor skills
olivary nuclei
- cranial nerves of the _____:
- vestibulocochlear VIII
- glossopharyngeal IX
- vagus X
- accessory XI
- hypoglassal XII
medulla
-several nuclei in the medulla receive sensory input from and provide motor output to the cochlea of the internal ear via the vestibulocochlear nerves. These nerves convey impulses related to hearing
vestibulocochlear nerves VIII
-nuceli in the medulla relay sensory and motor impulses related to taste, swallowing, and salivation via the glossopharyngeal nerves
glosspharyngeal nerves IX
-nuceli in the medulla receive sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx and many thoracic and abdominal viscera via the vagus nerves
vagus nerves X
- part of vagus nerves
- nuceli in the medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control swallowing via the vagus nerves (cranial portion of the accessory nerves)
accessory nerves XI (cranial portion)
-nuclei in the medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control tongue movements during speech and swallowing via the hypoglassal nerves
hypoglossal nerves XII
- location: superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum
- ventral region = synaptic relay station
- dorsal region, like medulla and midbrain, contains tracts and nuclei
pons (bridge)
- white matter tracts pass through scattered grey centers called _____, connecting opposite hemispheres of cerebral cortex and cerebellum
- coordinates voluntary motor outputs
pontine nuceli
-controls breathing with medulla
pontine respiratory group
- cranial nerves of the _____:
- trigeminal nerves V
- abducens nerves VI
- facial nerves VII
- vestibulocochlear nerves VIII
pons
-receive sensory impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide motor impulses that governs chewing
trigeminal nerves V
-provide motor impulses that control eyeball movement
abducens nerves VI
-sensory impulses for taste and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva and tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression
facial nerves VII
-nerves convey impulses related to balance and equlibrium
*vestibulocochlear nerves VIII
- extends from the pons to diencephalon
- contains nuclei and tracts
midbrain
- anterior part of the midbrain
- contains tracts from cerebellum
cerebral peduncles
- posterior part of the midbrain
- contains 4 rounded elevations the superior and inferior colliculi
tectum
-connecting cerebellum to pons, medulla, and SC
peduncles
-visual reflex center, such as tracking objects
superior colliculi
-auditory pathway and reflex center, startle reflex
inferior colliculi
- effectors for the colliculi are the muscles of the eyes, head, trunk
- also contains the _____, nuclei responsible for releasing dopamine
substantia nigra
cranial nerves for the _____:
- oculomotor nerves III
- trochlear nerves IV
midbrain
- controls movements of the eyeball
- regulate constriction of the pupil and changes in shape of the lens
oculomotor nerves III
-controls movements of the eyeball
trochlear nerves IV
-netlike arrangement of white and grey matter from superior SC to inferior diencephalon
reticular formation
- sensory ascending axons that reach the cerebral cortex
- is the seat of consciousness, keeps us awake and attentive, prevents sensory overload
- descending tracts helps regulate muscle tone, breathing and CV
reticular activating system (RAS)
- so many body functions
- crossed voluntary motor response pathways
medulla oblongata
- bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum
- coordinating movement, help with breathing
pons
-AV center and dopamine production
midbrain
- consciousness and muscle tone
- has no olfactory
reticular formation
-if your _____ is not active, then your in a coma
reticular formation
- inferior to cerebrum, posterior to medulla and pons
- large number of folds to increase surface area
- 10% of brain mass
- 50% of neurons
- HAS NO CRANIAL NERVES
- has a deep groove called a transverse fissure along with the tentorium cerebelli
cerebellum
-separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
tentorium cerebelli
-3 cerebral peduncles are :
superior
middle
inferior
-axons to midbrain and thalamus
superior cerebral peduncles
-axons from pontine nuclei carrying voluntary movement impulses
middle cerebral peduncles
- axons from proprioceptors, vestibular apparatus, and medulla
- axons to medulla, pons, and RF
inferior cerebral peduncles
functions: evaluate, correct, smooth, coordinate voluntary muscle movement
- regulate posture and balance
cerebellum
-the diencephalon consist of :
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
- forms a central core of brain tissue superior to the midbrain
- extends from the brainstem to the cerebrum and surrounds the 3rd ventricle
diencephalon
- parts of the diencephalon
- in wall of 3rd ventricle, lack BBB, therefore, can monitor chemical changes in the blood
circumventricular organs
-makes up 80% of the diencephalon, consists of paired oval masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with interspersed tracts of white matter
thalamus
functions: contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from cerebellum and basal nuclei to primary motor area of cerebral cortex
- plays role in maintenance of consciousness
thalamus
-small part of the diencephalon located inferior to thalamus
hypothalamus
- functions: control of the ANS
- production of hormones
- regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
- regulation of eating and drinking
- control of body temp
- regulation of circadian rhythms (sleep patterns)
hypothalamus
- consists of the pineal gland
- secretes melatonin and habenular nuclei invovled in olfaction
epithalamus
-consist of an outer cortex, interior white matter, and deep grey matter nuclei
cerebrum
- the seat of intelligence
- provides ability to read, write, speak, remembering the past, and plan the future
cerebrum
-region is grey matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
-the cortical folds in the cerebrum
gyri
-deepest grooves between gyri
fissures
-shallower grooves between gyri
sulci
-band of white matter between hemispheres
corpus callosum
- consists primarily of myelinated axons in 3 types of tracts
- association, commissural, and projection tracts
cerebral white matter
-connect gyri in same hemisphere
association tracts
-connects corresponding gyri opposite hemisphere
commissural tracts
-connect to and from other parts of the CNS
projection tracts
- deep within each cerebral hemisphere are 3 nuclei (masses of grey matter ) called _____
- consists of the lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus = corpus striatum
basal nuclei
-striped appearance of internal capsule
corpus straitum
- anticipates body movements
- regulates muscle tone required for movement
- subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle (arms swinging while walking )
- initiate and terminate some cognitive processes, and may act with limbic system on emotions
basal nuclei (deep grey matter )
-ring of structures on the inner border of cerebrum and the inferior border of the diencephalon
limbic system
- the emotional center of the brain (emotional brain), also involved in olfaction and memory
- components are the hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulbs
limbic system
- the seahorse, can undergo mitosis
- key feature for turning short-term memories into long-term memories
hippocampus
-almond shaped, among other features, the fear center of the brain
amygdala
-explains the small tie between smell and memory
olfactory bulbs
- receives and integrates touch type sensations
- touch, pressure, tickle, pain, vibration, temp, and proprioception
primary somatosensory area
- located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe, next to the longitudinal fissure
- receives visual information and is involved in visual perception
primary visual area
- located in superior part of the temporal lobe near the lateral cerebral sulcus
- receives information for sound and is involved in auditory perception
primary auditory area
- located in the ínsula
- receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception and taste discrimination
primary gustatory area
- located in the temporal lobe of the medial aspect
- receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception
primary olfactory area
- controls voluntary actions
- more cortical area is needed to control muscles that produce skilled or delicate movements
primary motor area
- planning and production of speech, including control of breathing muscles to regulate air flow
- on the left hemisphere for 97% of the population
Broca’s speech area
- determine size and shape of objects, their relationship to one another
- store somatic sensory memories
somatosensory association area
-relates past and present visual experience
visual association area
- usually right hemisphere
- helps you to recognize faces
facial recognition area
-helps you recognize sounds
auditory association
-helps you identify odors
orbitofrontal cortex
-interpret the meaning of speech, translate words into thoughts
Wernicke’s area
-forms thoughts based on a variety of sensory inputs, transmits signals to other parts of the brain
common integrative area
-your personality, intellect, learning, judgment, recall, mood….
prefrontal cortex
-voluntary scanning movements of the eye
frontal eye field
- receives somatic sensory signals from, and control muscles on left side of body
- music awareness
- space and pattern perception
- face recognition
- emotional content of language
- metal images
- identifying and discriminating among odors
Are the functions of the _____
right hemisphere
-people with damage to the _____ that correspond to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the left hemisphere speak in a monotonous voice, having lost the ability to impart emotional infection to what they say
right hemisphere
- receives somatic sensory signals from, and controls muscles on right side of body
- reasoning
- numerical and scientific skills
- ability to use and understand sign language
left hemisphere
-people with damage in the _____ often exhibit aphasia
left hemisphere
- special sensory
- olfaction (smell)
olfactory (I)
- motor: somatic and motor (autonomic)
- movement of eyeball and upper eyelid
- adjust lens for near vision, construction of pupil
oculomotor (III)
- special sensory
- vision
optic (II)
- motor: somatic
- movement of eyeballs
trochlear (IV) and abducens (VI)
- mixed: sensory and motor (brachial)
- touch pain, and thermal sensation from scalp, face, and oral cavity (including teeth and anterior 2/3 of tongue )
trigeminal (V)
- mixed: sensory, motor (brachial and autonomic)
- taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
- touch, pains and thermal sensations from the skin and external ear
- control of muscles of facial expression and middle ear muscle
- secretion of tears and saliva
facial (VII)
- special sensory
- hearing and equilibrium
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
- mixed: sensory and motor (brachial and autonomic)
- taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
- proprioception in some swallowing muscles
- monitors blood pressure and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood
- touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear and upper pharynx
- assist in swallowing
- secretion of saliva
glossopharyngeal (IX)
- mixed: sensory and motor (brachial and autonomic)
- taste from epiglottis
- proprioception from throat and voice box muscles
- monitors blood pressure and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood
- touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear
- sensations from thoracic and abdominal organs
- swallowing, vocalization, and coughing
- motility and secretion of gastrointestinal organs
- constriction of respiratory passageways
- decrease heart rate
-vagus (X)
motor: brachial
- movement of head and pectoral girdle
accessory (XI)
- motor: somatic
- speech, manipulation of food and swallowing
hypoglossal (XII)
-the most prominent fissure, separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
-separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe, the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
central sulcus
-divides the frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe
lateral cerebral sulcus
- the resulting from millions of action potentials being generated in the brain
- an electrocepalogram can detect the activity of neurons at the surface of the cerebral cortex, producing 4 wave patterns
brainwaves
-rhythmic waves when alert (or resting eyes closed) absent during sleep
alpha
- indicate nervous system activity
- sensory input and mental activity
beta
-occur during periods of stress
theta
-occur during sleep in adults, but normal for awake infants
delta
