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Biology I > Exam # 4 Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Exam # 4 Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

-the 4 parts of the brain are:

A

brainstem

cerebellum

diencephalon

cerebrum

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2
Q

-continuous with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

A

brainstem

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3
Q

-posterior to the brainstem, the little brain

A

cerebellum

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4
Q
  • superior to the brainstem

- forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

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5
Q

-the largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

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6
Q
  • continuous with the spinal meninges, have the same basic structures and bear the same names:
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
A

cranial meninges

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7
Q
  • the outer covering
  • has two layers, periosteal and meningeal, fused together except around the dural ventral sinuses
  • has no epidural space, the blood vessels pass along the surface and penetrate inward wrapped in pia mater
A

dura mater

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8
Q
  • 3 extensions of the _____:
  • falx cerebri
  • falx cerebelli
  • tentorium cerebelli
A

dura mater

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9
Q

-separates two hemispheres of cerebrum

A

falx cerebri

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10
Q

-separates 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

A

falx cerebelli

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11
Q

-separates cerebrum and cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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12
Q
  • protection, keeps things out of the brain
  • endothelial cells of the brains capillaries are connected with tight junctions, and surrounded by a think basement membrane
  • astrocytes secrete chemicals to seal the junctions between cells
  • nonpolar substances can get through: O2, C02, steroid hormones, as well as transported substances like glucose
A

blood brain barrier (BBB)

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13
Q
  • colorless liquid, primarily water

- contains: 02, glucose, proteins, cations, an white blood cells

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q
  • functions of the _____:
  • mechanical protection: shock absorbing
  • chemical protection: proper chemical environment for signal transduction
  • circulation: exchange nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue
A

cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q
  • the majority of CSF production

- network of capillaries in the wall of ventricles

A

choroid plexuses

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16
Q
  • filter the blood, letting mostly water through
  • bidirectional, allowing transport back to the blood
  • surrounds capillaries and choroid plexuses
A

ependymal cells

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17
Q

-permits certain substances to enter the CSF but excludes others, protecting the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood borne subsatnces

A

blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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18
Q

-ventricals all produce its own _____

A

CSF

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19
Q
  • locations: superior to spinal cord, beginning at foramen magnum. forms the inferior part of brainstem (inferior to pons)
  • contains all sensory and motor tracts that extend from SC to brian
A

medulla oblongata

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20
Q

-bulges of white matter, large corticospinal tracts that control voluntary movement

A

pyramids

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21
Q
  • 90% of tracts cross right/left

- explains why each side of the brain controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body

A

decussation of pyramids

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22
Q
  • oval shaped swelling lateral to pyramids

- contain olivary nuclei

A

olive

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23
Q
  • regulates everything
  • cardivasular center
  • resp center/functions with pon
  • vomiting center
  • deglutition center (swallowing)
  • sneezing, couhing, hiccuping
  • taste, hearing, equilibrium
A

medulla oblongata

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24
Q

-adjust motor outputs while learning new motor skills

A

olivary nuclei

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25
Q
  • cranial nerves of the _____:
  • vestibulocochlear VIII
  • glossopharyngeal IX
  • vagus X
  • accessory XI
  • hypoglassal XII
A

medulla

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26
Q

-several nuclei in the medulla receive sensory input from and provide motor output to the cochlea of the internal ear via the vestibulocochlear nerves. These nerves convey impulses related to hearing

A

vestibulocochlear nerves VIII

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27
Q

-nuceli in the medulla relay sensory and motor impulses related to taste, swallowing, and salivation via the glossopharyngeal nerves

A

glosspharyngeal nerves IX

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28
Q

-nuceli in the medulla receive sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx and many thoracic and abdominal viscera via the vagus nerves

A

vagus nerves X

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29
Q
  • part of vagus nerves
  • nuceli in the medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control swallowing via the vagus nerves (cranial portion of the accessory nerves)
A

accessory nerves XI (cranial portion)

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30
Q

-nuclei in the medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control tongue movements during speech and swallowing via the hypoglassal nerves

A

hypoglossal nerves XII

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31
Q
  • location: superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum
  • ventral region = synaptic relay station
  • dorsal region, like medulla and midbrain, contains tracts and nuclei
A

pons (bridge)

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32
Q
  • white matter tracts pass through scattered grey centers called _____, connecting opposite hemispheres of cerebral cortex and cerebellum
  • coordinates voluntary motor outputs
A

pontine nuceli

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33
Q

-controls breathing with medulla

A

pontine respiratory group

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34
Q
  • cranial nerves of the _____:
  • trigeminal nerves V
  • abducens nerves VI
  • facial nerves VII
  • vestibulocochlear nerves VIII
A

pons

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35
Q

-receive sensory impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide motor impulses that governs chewing

A

trigeminal nerves V

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36
Q

-provide motor impulses that control eyeball movement

A

abducens nerves VI

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37
Q

-sensory impulses for taste and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva and tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression

A

facial nerves VII

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38
Q

-nerves convey impulses related to balance and equlibrium

A

*vestibulocochlear nerves VIII

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39
Q
  • extends from the pons to diencephalon

- contains nuclei and tracts

A

midbrain

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40
Q
  • anterior part of the midbrain

- contains tracts from cerebellum

A

cerebral peduncles

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41
Q
  • posterior part of the midbrain

- contains 4 rounded elevations the superior and inferior colliculi

A

tectum

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42
Q

-connecting cerebellum to pons, medulla, and SC

A

peduncles

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43
Q

-visual reflex center, such as tracking objects

A

superior colliculi

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44
Q

-auditory pathway and reflex center, startle reflex

A

inferior colliculi

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45
Q
  • effectors for the colliculi are the muscles of the eyes, head, trunk
  • also contains the _____, nuclei responsible for releasing dopamine
A

substantia nigra

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46
Q

cranial nerves for the _____:

  • oculomotor nerves III
  • trochlear nerves IV
A

midbrain

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47
Q
  • controls movements of the eyeball

- regulate constriction of the pupil and changes in shape of the lens

A

oculomotor nerves III

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48
Q

-controls movements of the eyeball

A

trochlear nerves IV

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49
Q

-netlike arrangement of white and grey matter from superior SC to inferior diencephalon

A

reticular formation

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50
Q
  • sensory ascending axons that reach the cerebral cortex
  • is the seat of consciousness, keeps us awake and attentive, prevents sensory overload
  • descending tracts helps regulate muscle tone, breathing and CV
A

reticular activating system (RAS)

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51
Q
  • so many body functions

- crossed voluntary motor response pathways

A

medulla oblongata

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52
Q
  • bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum

- coordinating movement, help with breathing

A

pons

53
Q

-AV center and dopamine production

A

midbrain

54
Q
  • consciousness and muscle tone

- has no olfactory

A

reticular formation

55
Q

-if your _____ is not active, then your in a coma

A

reticular formation

56
Q
  • inferior to cerebrum, posterior to medulla and pons
  • large number of folds to increase surface area
  • 10% of brain mass
  • 50% of neurons
  • HAS NO CRANIAL NERVES
  • has a deep groove called a transverse fissure along with the tentorium cerebelli
A

cerebellum

57
Q

-separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

tentorium cerebelli

58
Q

-3 cerebral peduncles are :

A

superior

middle

inferior

59
Q

-axons to midbrain and thalamus

A

superior cerebral peduncles

60
Q

-axons from pontine nuclei carrying voluntary movement impulses

A

middle cerebral peduncles

61
Q
  • axons from proprioceptors, vestibular apparatus, and medulla
  • axons to medulla, pons, and RF
A

inferior cerebral peduncles

62
Q

functions: evaluate, correct, smooth, coordinate voluntary muscle movement
- regulate posture and balance

A

cerebellum

63
Q

-the diencephalon consist of :

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

64
Q
  • forms a central core of brain tissue superior to the midbrain
  • extends from the brainstem to the cerebrum and surrounds the 3rd ventricle
A

diencephalon

65
Q
  • parts of the diencephalon

- in wall of 3rd ventricle, lack BBB, therefore, can monitor chemical changes in the blood

A

circumventricular organs

66
Q

-makes up 80% of the diencephalon, consists of paired oval masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with interspersed tracts of white matter

A

thalamus

67
Q

functions: contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from cerebellum and basal nuclei to primary motor area of cerebral cortex
- plays role in maintenance of consciousness

A

thalamus

68
Q

-small part of the diencephalon located inferior to thalamus

A

hypothalamus

69
Q
  • functions: control of the ANS
  • production of hormones
  • regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns
  • regulation of eating and drinking
  • control of body temp
  • regulation of circadian rhythms (sleep patterns)
A

hypothalamus

70
Q
  • consists of the pineal gland

- secretes melatonin and habenular nuclei invovled in olfaction

A

epithalamus

71
Q

-consist of an outer cortex, interior white matter, and deep grey matter nuclei

A

cerebrum

72
Q
  • the seat of intelligence

- provides ability to read, write, speak, remembering the past, and plan the future

A

cerebrum

73
Q

-region is grey matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

74
Q

-the cortical folds in the cerebrum

A

gyri

75
Q

-deepest grooves between gyri

A

fissures

76
Q

-shallower grooves between gyri

A

sulci

77
Q

-band of white matter between hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

78
Q
  • consists primarily of myelinated axons in 3 types of tracts
  • association, commissural, and projection tracts
A

cerebral white matter

79
Q

-connect gyri in same hemisphere

A

association tracts

80
Q

-connects corresponding gyri opposite hemisphere

A

commissural tracts

81
Q

-connect to and from other parts of the CNS

A

projection tracts

82
Q
  • deep within each cerebral hemisphere are 3 nuclei (masses of grey matter ) called _____
  • consists of the lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus = corpus striatum
A

basal nuclei

83
Q

-striped appearance of internal capsule

A

corpus straitum

84
Q
  • anticipates body movements
  • regulates muscle tone required for movement
  • subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle (arms swinging while walking )
  • initiate and terminate some cognitive processes, and may act with limbic system on emotions
A

basal nuclei (deep grey matter )

85
Q

-ring of structures on the inner border of cerebrum and the inferior border of the diencephalon

A

limbic system

86
Q
  • the emotional center of the brain (emotional brain), also involved in olfaction and memory
  • components are the hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulbs
A

limbic system

87
Q
  • the seahorse, can undergo mitosis

- key feature for turning short-term memories into long-term memories

A

hippocampus

88
Q

-almond shaped, among other features, the fear center of the brain

A

amygdala

89
Q

-explains the small tie between smell and memory

A

olfactory bulbs

90
Q
  • receives and integrates touch type sensations

- touch, pressure, tickle, pain, vibration, temp, and proprioception

A

primary somatosensory area

91
Q
  • located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe, next to the longitudinal fissure
  • receives visual information and is involved in visual perception
A

primary visual area

92
Q
  • located in superior part of the temporal lobe near the lateral cerebral sulcus
  • receives information for sound and is involved in auditory perception
A

primary auditory area

93
Q
  • located in the ínsula

- receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perception and taste discrimination

A

primary gustatory area

94
Q
  • located in the temporal lobe of the medial aspect

- receives impulses for smell and is involved in olfactory perception

A

primary olfactory area

95
Q
  • controls voluntary actions

- more cortical area is needed to control muscles that produce skilled or delicate movements

A

primary motor area

96
Q
  • planning and production of speech, including control of breathing muscles to regulate air flow
  • on the left hemisphere for 97% of the population
A

Broca’s speech area

97
Q
  • determine size and shape of objects, their relationship to one another
  • store somatic sensory memories
A

somatosensory association area

98
Q

-relates past and present visual experience

A

visual association area

99
Q
  • usually right hemisphere

- helps you to recognize faces

A

facial recognition area

100
Q

-helps you recognize sounds

A

auditory association

101
Q

-helps you identify odors

A

orbitofrontal cortex

102
Q

-interpret the meaning of speech, translate words into thoughts

A

Wernicke’s area

103
Q

-forms thoughts based on a variety of sensory inputs, transmits signals to other parts of the brain

A

common integrative area

104
Q

-your personality, intellect, learning, judgment, recall, mood….

A

prefrontal cortex

105
Q

-voluntary scanning movements of the eye

A

frontal eye field

106
Q
  • receives somatic sensory signals from, and control muscles on left side of body
  • music awareness
  • space and pattern perception
  • face recognition
  • emotional content of language
  • metal images
  • identifying and discriminating among odors

Are the functions of the _____

A

right hemisphere

107
Q

-people with damage to the _____ that correspond to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the left hemisphere speak in a monotonous voice, having lost the ability to impart emotional infection to what they say

A

right hemisphere

108
Q
  • receives somatic sensory signals from, and controls muscles on right side of body
  • reasoning
  • numerical and scientific skills
  • ability to use and understand sign language
A

left hemisphere

109
Q

-people with damage in the _____ often exhibit aphasia

A

left hemisphere

110
Q
  • special sensory

- olfaction (smell)

A

olfactory (I)

111
Q
  • motor: somatic and motor (autonomic)
  • movement of eyeball and upper eyelid
  • adjust lens for near vision, construction of pupil
A

oculomotor (III)

112
Q
  • special sensory

- vision

A

optic (II)

113
Q
  • motor: somatic

- movement of eyeballs

A

trochlear (IV) and abducens (VI)

114
Q
  • mixed: sensory and motor (brachial)

- touch pain, and thermal sensation from scalp, face, and oral cavity (including teeth and anterior 2/3 of tongue )

A

trigeminal (V)

115
Q
  • mixed: sensory, motor (brachial and autonomic)
  • taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • touch, pains and thermal sensations from the skin and external ear
  • control of muscles of facial expression and middle ear muscle
  • secretion of tears and saliva
A

facial (VII)

116
Q
  • special sensory

- hearing and equilibrium

A

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

117
Q
  • mixed: sensory and motor (brachial and autonomic)
  • taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • proprioception in some swallowing muscles
  • monitors blood pressure and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood
  • touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear and upper pharynx
  • assist in swallowing
  • secretion of saliva
A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

118
Q
  • mixed: sensory and motor (brachial and autonomic)
  • taste from epiglottis
  • proprioception from throat and voice box muscles
  • monitors blood pressure and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood
  • touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear
  • sensations from thoracic and abdominal organs
  • swallowing, vocalization, and coughing
  • motility and secretion of gastrointestinal organs
  • constriction of respiratory passageways
  • decrease heart rate
A

-vagus (X)

119
Q

motor: brachial

- movement of head and pectoral girdle

A

accessory (XI)

120
Q
  • motor: somatic

- speech, manipulation of food and swallowing

A

hypoglossal (XII)

121
Q

-the most prominent fissure, separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

122
Q

-separates the frontal lobe from parietal lobe, the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

A

central sulcus

123
Q

-divides the frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe

A

lateral cerebral sulcus

124
Q
  • the resulting from millions of action potentials being generated in the brain
  • an electrocepalogram can detect the activity of neurons at the surface of the cerebral cortex, producing 4 wave patterns
A

brainwaves

125
Q

-rhythmic waves when alert (or resting eyes closed) absent during sleep

A

alpha

126
Q
  • indicate nervous system activity

- sensory input and mental activity

A

beta

127
Q

-occur during periods of stress

A

theta

128
Q

-occur during sleep in adults, but normal for awake infants

A

delta

Biology I (13 decks)

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