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Biology I > Exam # 3 Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Exam # 3 Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

-muscular tissue contributes to _____ by producing body movements, moving substances through the body, and producing heat to maintain normal body temp

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

-the scientific study of muscles

A

myology

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3
Q

-from the most superficial layer to deepest layer, _____ of skeletal muscle:

  • superficial fascia
  • deep fascia
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • endomysium
A

connective tissue

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4
Q
  • functions of _____:
  • producing body movement
  • stabilizing body position
  • storing and moving substances
    • sphincters, cardiac muscles, vessels, intestines
  • generating heat (thermogenesis)
A

muscle tissue

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5
Q
  • properties of _____
  • electrical excitability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
A

muscle tissue

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6
Q

-muscle actions potentials, similar to neurons

A

electrical excitability

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7
Q

-ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by AP

A

contractility

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8
Q

-stretch without being damaged, key feature when considering antagonist muscle tissue

A

extensibility

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9
Q

-return to its original shape after contraction or extension

A

elasticity

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10
Q
  • each of your skeletal muscles is a separate organ composed of hundreds to thousands of cells called _____
  • the fiber is the cellular unit
  • the cellular level
  • always have the same number of fiber cells
A

muscle fibers

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11
Q
  • these are _____ components:
  • subQ
  • fascia
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • endomysium
A

connective tissue

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12
Q

-separates the muscle from the skin

A

subQ

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13
Q

-dense sheet of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding and supporting muscle groups

A

fascia

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14
Q

-3 layers of the fascia are : ______, _____, and _____

A

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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15
Q

-“upon” the outer layer of fascia

A

epimysium

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16
Q

-“around” bundles groups of fibers into fascicles

A

perimysium

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17
Q

-“within” separates individual fibers

A

endomysium

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18
Q

-the epimysium and perimysium are made of _____ tissue

A

dense irregular

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19
Q

-the endomysium is made of mostly _____

A

reticular fibers

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20
Q

-narrow bands connective tissue that connect muscles to bone

A

tendons

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21
Q

-bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone

A

ligaments

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22
Q

-bands of connective tissue that attach flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones

A

aponeuroses

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23
Q
  • muscle fibers result from the fusion of hundreds of mesodermal cells called _____, so each fiber has 100’s of nuclei
  • once fused fibers can no longer _____
  • _____ function as stem cells to repair damaged muscls
A

myoblast

divide

satellite cells

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24
Q

-invaginations of the sarcolemma, perfect Ap delivery structure

A

transverse tubules (T tubules)

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25
Q
  • sarcoplasmic protein that binds oxygen and releases it is needed by the mitochondria
  • red colored
A

myoglobin

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26
Q

-sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum storing Ca2+

A

terminal cisterns

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27
Q

-plasma membrane of muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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28
Q

-cytoplasm of muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

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29
Q

-a fluid filled system of membranous sacs, encircles each myofibril

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

-fascicles bundled by epimysium

A

muscle

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31
Q

-fibers bundled by perimysium

A

fascicle

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32
Q

-the contractile organelle of skeletal muscle

A

myofibril

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33
Q
  • smaller protein structures

- actin and myosin

A

myofilaments

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34
Q
  • thick proteins, _____

- thin proteins, _____

A

myosin

actin

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35
Q

-the filaments inside a myofibril do not extend the entire length of a muscle fiber, they are arranged in compartments called _____

A

sarcomeres

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36
Q

-dense proteins, defines border of sarcomeres, separates them from one to the next

A

Z disc

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37
Q

_____ are the length of the filament

A

bands

38
Q
  • dark middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of myosin
  • includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments
A

A band

39
Q
  • lighter, less dense area of sacomere that contains remainder of thin filaments, actin only
  • a Z disc passes through each
A

I band

40
Q

-narrow region in center of each A band that contains only myosin

A

H zone

41
Q
  • region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere
  • midline, rubber band of proteins
A

M line

42
Q

-2 contractile proteins:

A

myosin

actin

43
Q
  • makes up thick filament
  • molecule consist of a tail and two heads, which bind to sites on actin molecules of thin filament during muscle contraction
A

myosin

44
Q
  • main component of thin filament

- each molecule has a myosin binding site where myosin head of thick filament binds during muscle contraction

A

actin

45
Q

-2 regulatory proteins:

A

tropomyosin

troponin

46
Q
  • component of thin filament
  • when skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed, it covers myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing myosin from binding actin
A

tropmyosin

47
Q
  • component of thin filament
  • calcium ions bind to it, it changes shape, which moves tropomysin away from myosin binding sites on actin molecules
  • muscle cntraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin
A

troponin

48
Q

-skeletal muscle shortens during contraction because the thick and thin filaments slide past one another

A

sliding filament mechanism

49
Q

-sarcomeres exert force and shorten through repeated cycles during which the myosin heads attach to actin (forming cross bridges), rotate and detach

A

contraction cycle

50
Q

4 steps in the _____:

  • ATP hydrolysis
  • attachment of myosin to actin
  • power stroke
  • detachment of myosin from actin
A

contraction cycle

51
Q

-cross bridge rotate and move the thin filaments pst the thick filaments towards the center of the sarcomere

A

power stroke

52
Q
  • myosin head hydrolyzes ATP and becomes energized and oriented
  • ATP into ADP
  • hydrolyzing ATP cocks the myosin head
A

1st step in contraction cycle

53
Q
  • myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross bridge

- calcium binds to troponin

A

2nd stage in contraction cycle

54
Q
  • myosin head pivots, pulling the thin filament past the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere (power-stroke)
  • no energy required here
  • rotating 45 degrees
  • shortening step
A

3rd step in contraction cycle

55
Q
  • as myosin head binds ATP, the cross bridge detaches from actin
  • needs ATP to detach
  • rictor mortis happens here if there is no ATP
A

4th step contraction cycle

56
Q
  • RECAP: impulse from pre-synaptic neuron causes voltage gated channels to open, allowing Ca2+ to rush in to the axon terminus
  • the difference is it binds to a _____
A

motor end plate

57
Q

-neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract

A

somatic motor neurons

58
Q

-muscle AP arise at the _____, the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal fiber

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

59
Q

the ______:

  • release of ACh
  • activation of ACh receptors
  • production of muscle action potential
  • termination of ACh activity
A

neuromuscular junction

60
Q

-the effect of ACh binding lasts only briefly b/c ACh is rapidly broken down by an enzyme called _____

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

61
Q

_____ released at the NMJ triggers a muscle AP which leads to muscle contraction

A

ACh

62
Q
  • nerve AP in somatic motor neuron triggers release of ACh
  • ACh binds to receptor in motor end plate, triggering muscle AP
  • AChE destroys ACh so another muscle AP does not arise unless more ACh is released from somatic motor neuron
  • a muscle AP traveling along a transverse tubule triggers a change in the voltage gated Ca+ channels that causes the Ca+ release channels to open, allowing the release of Ca+ ions into sarcoplasm
  • Ca2+ binds to troponin on the thin filament, exposing the myosin bindng sites on actin
  • contraction: myosin heads bind to actin, undergo power strokes, and release, thin filaments are pulled toward center of sarcomere
  • Ca2+ release channels close and Ca2+ -ATPase pumps use ATP to restore low level of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm
  • tropomysin slides back into position where it blocks the myosin binding sites on actin
  • muscle relaxes
A

muscle contraction and relaxation

63
Q
  • most of the excess ATP is used to synthesize _____, an energy rich molecule that is found in muscle fibers
  • created by resting muscles when ATP production in fibers exceeds demand
  • as ATP demand increases, its converted back to ADP
A

creatine phosphate

64
Q

-an example of _____, a single motor neuron branching out and connecting to multiple muscle fibers

A

signal divergence

65
Q

-a _____ is a single neuron plus every fiber it stimulates

A

motor unit

66
Q

-recruitment of motor units allows us to produce _____ instead of a series of jerks

A

smooth movements

67
Q

-is the brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single AP in its motor neuron

A

twitch contraction

68
Q
  • the delay, which lasts about 2msec

- muscle AP sweeps over the sarcolemma and calcium ions are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

latent period

69
Q
  • lasts 10-100 msec

- Ca2+ binds to troponin, myosin binding sites on actin are exposed and cross bridges form

A

contraction period

70
Q
  • lasting 10-100 msec
  • actively transported back into sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin binding sites are covered by tropomyosin, myosin heads detach from actin, and tension in the muscle fiber decreases
A

relaxation period

71
Q

-when a muscle fiber receives enough stimulation to contract, it temporarily loses its excitability and cannot respond for a time

A

refractory period

72
Q

-stimuli arriving at different times cause larger larger contractions

A

wave summation

73
Q
  • skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a rate of 20 30 times per second, it can only partially relax between stimuli
  • the result is a sustained but wavering contraction (bumpy)
A

unfused tetanus

74
Q
  • skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a higher rate 80 to 100 times per second
  • does not relax at all (smooth)
A

fused tetanus

75
Q
  • glucose converted to 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP

- pyruvic acid is broken down into lactic acid, which can build up in the blood and cause soreness

A

anaerobic glycolysis

76
Q

-in the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid can instead be used by the mitochondria to make 30 ATP (+2 from glycolysis=32), CO2 water and heat

A

aerobic respiration

77
Q
  • associated with Ca2, creatine phosphate, O2 low

- feeling like ceasing activity

A

muscle fatigue

78
Q
  • oxygen dept, remove lactic acid, make creatine phosphate and ATP, reload myoglobin
A

recovery oxygen uptake

79
Q

-muscle contracts, shortens, and creates enough force to move the load

A

isotonic contraction

80
Q

-muscle contracts but does not shorten, force cannot move the load

A

isometric contractions

81
Q
  • myoglobin content in large amount
  • many mitochondria and capillaries
  • red in color
  • capacity for generating ATP is high by aerobic respiration
  • rate of ATP hydrolysis by myosin ATPase is slow, which makes contractions slow
  • fatigue resistance is high
  • creatine kinase is lowest amount
  • glycogen stores low
  • first in recruitment
  • postural muscles of the neck, maintaining posture and aerobic endurance activities
A

slow oxidative fibers (SO)

82
Q

-myoglobin content large amounts
-many mitochondria and capillaries
-red-pink color
-capacity for generating ATP is intermediate, by both aerobic respiration and anaerobic glycolysis
-rate of ATP hydrolysis by myosin ATPase is fast
-fatigue resistance, creatine kinase, glycogen stores
intermediate
-second in recruitment
-lower limb muscles, walking and sprinting

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (FOG)

83
Q
  • myoglobin content small amount
  • mitochondria and capillaries are few
  • white pale color
  • capacity for generating ATP is low by anaerobic glycolysis
  • rate of ATP hydrolysis by myosin ATPase is fast
  • contraction velocity is fast
  • fatigue resistance is low
  • highest amount of creatine kinase
  • glycogen stores high
  • third is recruitment
  • extra ocular muscles
  • rapid intense movements of short duration
A

fast glycolytic fibers (FG)

84
Q

-baseline tautness of a muscle due to involuntary contractions of some motor units

A

muscle tone

85
Q

-no tone, possibly resulting from neurons being cut or damaged

A

flaccid muscle

86
Q
  • growth of the existing muscle fibers

- remember they have lost the ability to divide

A

hypertrophy

87
Q

-decrease in fiber size due to non-use

A

atrophy

88
Q

-the two bands that don’t change in muscle contractions are the _____ and _____ bands

A

A and M bands

89
Q

-glucose —

A

cytosol

mitochondria

90
Q

organization of ______ from big to small :

  • skeletal muscle
  • fascicle
  • muscle fiber
  • myofibril
  • filaments
A

muscle

Biology I (13 decks)

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