Exam #1 Chapters 1, 3, and 4 Flashcards
The erect position of the body with the face forward, arms at the side, palms facing forward, used in reference in describing the relationship of body parts
anatomical position
Two branches of science that provide the foundation for understanding the bodys parts and functions
anatomy and physiology
The science of body structures and the relationships among them
anatomy
The science of body functions, how body parts work
physiology
6 levels of structural organization are:
chemical cellular tissue organ systems organismal
Basic level that can be composed of atoms and molecules
chemical level
Smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
atom
Two or more atoms joined together
molecules
Molecules combine together to form ______, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
cells, cellular level
Groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular functions
four types are :
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
tissues, tissue level
Tissues that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities and forms glands
epithelial
Tissues that connects, supports , and protects body organs while distributing blood levels to other tissues
connective
Tissues that contracts to make body parts move and generate heat
muscular
Tissues that carry information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
nervous
The level were different types of tissues join together
organ level
Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
Ex: heart, liver, brain, lungs, stomach
organs
Level that consists of related organs with a common function
Ex: digestive
system level
Head
cephalic
Skull
cranial
Face
facial
Neck
cervical
Armpit
axillary
Arm
brachial
Front of elbow
antecubital
Forearm
antebrachial
Wrist
carpal
Palm
palmer or volar
Fingers
digital or phalangeal
Thigh
femoral
Anterior surface of the knee
patellar
Leg
crural
Foot
pedal
Ankle
tarsal
Toes
digital or phalangeal
Forehead
frontal
Temple
temporal
Eye
orbital or ocular
Ear
otic
Cheek
buccal
Nose
nasal
Mouth
oral
Chin
mental
Breastbone
sternal
Chest
thoracic
Breast
mammary
Abdomen
abdominal
Navel
umbilical
Hip
coxal
Groin
inguinal
Pelvic
pelvis
Thumb
pollex
Hand
manual
Pubis
pubic
Top of foot
dorsum
Great toe
hallux
Base of skull
occipital
Shoulder blade
scapular
Spinal column
vertebral
Back
dorsal
Back of elbow
olecranal or cubital
Between hips
sacral
Buttock
gluteal
Region of the anus and external genitals
perineal
Hollow behind knee
popliteal
Calf
sural
Sole
plantar
Loin
lumbar
Back of hand
dorsum
Heel
calcaneal
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
directional terms
Towrards the head, or upper part
superior
Away from the head, or the lower part
inferior
Nearer to or at the front
anterior
Nearer to or the back
posterior
Nearer to the midline, an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left halves
medial
Farther from the midline
lateral
Between to structures
intermediate
On the same side of the body as another structure
ipsilateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
contralateral
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure
proximal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure
distal
Toward or on the surface of the body
superficial
Away from the surface of the body
deep
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
planes
A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
sagittal plane
When a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right an left sides
parasagittal plane
Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions
frontal or coronal plane
Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions
transverse portions or cross-sectional, or horizontal plane
By contrast, passes through the body or an organ at a oblique angle other than 90 degree
oblique plane
A cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes
section
11 principle body systems:
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respitory digestive urinary reproductive
Skin and associated structures such as hair, fingernails, and tonsils, sweat glands, and oil glands
integumentary system
Functions: protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some waste, helps make Vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold, stores fat and provides insulation
integumentary system
Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
skeletal system
Functions: supports and protects body, provides surface for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids
skeletal system
Specifically skeletal muscle tissue, muscle usually attached to bone (smooth, cardiac tissue)
muscular system
Functions: participates in body movements, such as walking, maintains posture, produces heat
muscular system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears
nervous system
Functions: generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
nervous system
Hormone producing glands, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes
endocrine system
Functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones, chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine glands or tissue to target organ
endocrine system
Blood, heart, and blood vessels
cardiovascular system
Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and waste away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temp, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
cardiovascular system
Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses, B cells, T cells, and others
lymphatic system
Functions: returns proteins and fluid to body, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
lymphatic system
Lungs and air passages such as the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs
respiratory system
Function: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids, air flowing out the lungs through vocal cords, produces sound
respiratory system
Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus, also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive process, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
digestive system
Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, adsorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
digestive system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
urinary system
Functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid base balance of body fluids, maintains bodys mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cells
urinary system
Gonads, testes in males, ovaries in females, and associated organs, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females, epididymis, ductus or deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis in males
reproductive system
Functions: gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism, gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes, associated organs transport and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk
reproductive system
Six most important life processes the occur in the body:
metabolism responsiveness movement growth differentiation reproduction
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
metabolism
One phase of metabolism is ______, the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
catabolism
A phase of metabolism, the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
anabolism
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Ex: fever
responsiveness
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
movement
An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both
growth
The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state, such stem cells
differentiation
Cells which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
stem cells
Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
reproduction
Also known as necropsy, is a post-mortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
autopsy
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment, it occurs because of the ceaseless inter-play of the body’s many regulatory systems
homeostasis
An important aspect of ________ is maintaining the volume and composition of ____, dilute watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
homeostasis, body fluids
The fluid within cells
intracellular fluid
The fluid outside body cells
extracellular fluid (EFC)
The EFC that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues
interstitial fluid
EFC within blood vessels
blood plasma
EFC within lymphatic vessels
lymph
EFC in and around the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
EFC in joints
synovial fluid
EFC of the eyes
aqueous humor and vitreous body
Because EFC surrounds the cells of the body, it serves as the body’s ___
internal environment
The space that surrounds the entire body
external environment
The linings of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems are continuous with the ____
external environment
From the ___, oxygen enters plasma through the respiratory system and nutrients enter plasma through the digestive system, after entering plasma, these substances are transported throughout the body by the cardiovascular system. Oxygen and nutrients eventually leave plasma and enter interstitial fluid by crossing the walls of blood capillaries, the smallest vessels of the body.
external environment
Are specialized to allow the transfer of material between plasma and interstitial fluid
capillaries
From ____, oxygen and nutrients are taken up by cells and metabolized for energy, the cells produce waste products that enter interstitial fluid and then move across blood capillary walls into plasma. The cardiovascular system transports these wastes to organs for elimination into the external environment,
CO2 is removed by respiratory system and nitrogen such as urea and ammonia by urinary system
interstitial fluid
internal environment
The ___ regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals called ___ to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state
nervous system , nerve impulses
The ___ includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called ___ into the blood
endocrine system, hormones
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, or reevaluated
feedback system or feedback loop
Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or glucose level is termed ____
controlled condition
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a ___
stimulus
3 basic components off the feedback system:
receptor
control center
effector
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center, is a ___
This pathway is called ___, since the information flows toward the control center
receptor
afferent pathway
A ___ in the body for example the brain, sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed.
Output typically occurs as nerve impulses or hormones or other chemical signals. This pathway is called an ___, since the information flows away from the control center
control center
An ___ is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a ____ or effect that changes the controlled condition
effector, response
