Exam 5 - 4/6 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Depression -

_________ (SAD)
Depression changes with the seasons

Season Affective Disorder

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Not as severe as _________ depression generally

major

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Majority of individuals are depressed in fall and _________ but improve in spring and summer (may be _________ in the summer)

winter

- hypomanic

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Others are depressed in the summer and better in the _________ (may be hypomanic in the winter)

-winter

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

_________ circadian rhythm (go to sleep later and _________ later)

Phase-delayed

- wake

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

When depressed, sleep for _________ periods, gain weight, crave _________

excessive

- carbohydrates

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

More common in _________ and younger people

women

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Amount of natural _________ is an important factor in SAD, _________ may be a factor in individuals who are depressed in the summer

light

- temperature

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Amount of natural light is an important factor in _________ , temperature may be a factor in individuals who are depressed in the _________

- summer

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

_________ is used for winter depression – exposure to high intensity lights for several _________ each day

Phototherapy

- hours

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Patients with winter depression have lower _________ levels which carbohydrates increase – increase carbohydrate intake may be _________

serotonin

- self-medication

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Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Patients with winter depression have lower serotonin levels which _________ increase – _________ carbohydrate intake may be self-medication

carbohydrates

- increase

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Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

-Wide _________ in duration of depressed and manic cycles – can alternate every ___ hours

variation

- 48

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Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

_________ triggers mania whereas onset of depression occurs _________

Stress

- spontaneously

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Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

Treatment – _________ carbonate

lithium

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Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

Treatment – lithium carbonate

Most effective on _________ but can also prevent _________ episodes

mania

- depressive

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Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

Treatment – lithium carbonate

Lithium affects several _________ systems stabilizing neurotransmitter _________

neurotransmitter

- systems

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What is intelligence?

The ability to _________, to understand, and to profit from _________

reason

- experience

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Intelligence test - intelligence quotient (IQ), originally developed to test children
IQ score = _________/chronological age x 100

mental age

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Intelligence test - intelligence quotient (IQ), originally developed to test children
IQ score = mental age/_________ age x ____

chronological

- 100

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____ = average IQ score;

approximately 2% of population have an IQ score of ≤ ___ and approximately 2% have scores ≥ ___

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IQ scores are increasing by _________ points per generation so tests are adjusted to maintain an average of ____

5 – 25

- 100

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Intelligence tests best at predicting school _________ (correlation of 0.4 – 0.6)

performance

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Criticized – IQ scores are related to academic performance and _________ socioeconomic levels

-higher

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Intelligence means different things in different _________ – some people succeed in their environment more than others

cultures

Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests _________

measure

_________ – e.g., Raven Progressive Matrices – nonverbal, culture independent

Culture free tests

_________ – high levels of ability unrelated to IQ and academic performance

Street smart

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? “Lumpers” (_________ theorists) believe intelligence is mainly one capability they call the general factor (g)

general factor

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? _________ believe intelligence is mainly one capability they call the general factor (g)

“Lumpers” (general factor theorists)

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? “Lumpers” (general factor theorists) believe intelligence is mainly _________ capability they call the _________ factor (g)

- one | - general

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? “Lumpers” People generally have _________ scores on various tests even if they are particularly talented in one _________ (e.g., math)

- similar | - area

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? “Lumpers” Prefer to measure intelligence based on tests such as _________ Progressive Matrices which do NOT measure specific _________

- Raven | - abilities

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? _________ believe intelligence is made up of several independent mental abilities (look at subtest scores on IQ test rather than overall score)

“Splitters”

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? “Splitters” believe intelligence is made up of _________ independent mental abilities (look at _________ scores on IQ test rather than _________ score)

- several - subtest - overall

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes? “Splitters” Autistic savants have one or more exceptional ability but overall functioning is _________ normal

below

Difficulties defining intelligence hamper assessment of the _________ bases of intelligence

biological

Intelligence: Biological Basis Is there a specific location for general intelligence (g)? PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of _________

prefrontal cortex

Intelligence: Biological Basis PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of prefrontal cortex Supports evidence that damage to this area causes impairment of _________

general intelligence

Intelligence: Biological Basis PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of prefrontal cortex Frontal areas involved in working _________ and _________ control

- memory | - executive

Intelligence: Biological Basis PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of prefrontal cortex Likely that other _________ regions also involved

-brain

Does brain size influence intelligence? Absolute brain size does NOT reflect _________ but brain size relative to body size may – humans have one of highest ratios of brain size to _________ size

- intelligence | - body

Does brain size influence intelligence? Absolute brain size does not reflect intelligence but _________ size relative to body size may – humans have one of _________ ratios of brain size to body size

- brain | - highest

MRI studies only find that ___% of difference in intelligence corresponds to brain _________

- 11 | - size

MRI studies only find that 11% of difference in intelligence corresponds to brain size -Einstein’s brain was 200 g _________ than average brains

lighter

After adjusting for body weight, men’s brains are on average _________ g heavier than women’s

118

Intelligence: Biological Basis Twin studies – general intelligence correlates with _________ of gray and white matter, especially _________ matter in frontal area

- volume | - gray

Intelligence: Biological Basis Intelligence appears to be related in part to rapid _________ growth around the age of ___

- cortical | - 11

Intelligence: Biological Basis Another MRI study found that IQ correlates with the size of many brain _________

-regions

Intelligence: Biological Basis General intelligence correlates with _________ matter throughout the cortex

gray

Intelligence: Biological Basis IQ is correlated with: - _________ time - Nerve conduction _________

- Reaction | - velocity

Intelligence: Biological Basis IQ is correlated with: Extent of _________ of neurons and information processing _________

- myelination | - speed

Intelligence: Biological Basis IQ is correlated with: Myelin increases speed of _________ and increases accuracy of _________ information by reducing _________ between neurons

- conduction - processing - cross-talk

Intelligence: Biological Basis _________ - increased working memory and speed of processing allows more information to be transferred to long-term memory and stored

Short-term memory

Intelligence: Biological Basis Short-term memory - increased working memory and speed of processing allows more _________ to be transferred to long-term _________ and stored

- information | - memory

Intelligence: Biological Basis Processing efficiency and use of energy- -Individuals with higher IQs used _________ energy to play tetris than individuals with _________ IQ

- less | - lower

Intelligence: Biological Basis Processing efficiency and use of energy- -Individuals with IQ 50 – 70, used _________ energy to complete a task requiring attention than individuals with a _________ IQ ≥ 115,

- more | - higher

Intelligence: Biological Basis Performance on all cognitive tests are related suggesting a _________ intelligence, however three capabilities are particularly strongly associated with intelligence - Linguistic skills - Logical-mathematical skills - Spatial skills

general

Intelligence: Biological Basis Performance on all cognitive tests are related suggesting a general intelligence, however three capabilities are particularly strongly associated with intelligence - Linguistic skills - _________ skills - Spatial skills

Logical-mathematical

Intelligence: Biological Basis Performance on all cognitive tests are related suggesting a general intelligence, however three capabilities are particularly strongly associated with intelligence - _________ skills - Logical-mathematical skills - _________ skills

- Linguistic | - Spatial

Intelligence: Biological Basis _________ skills involve the left frontal and temporal lobes

Linguistic

Intelligence: Biological Basis _________ skills involves the left frontal lobe and both parietal lobes

Math

Intelligence: Biological Basis _________ skills involves parietal structures in right hemisphere (areas involved in somatosensory and visual functions)

Spatial

Intelligence: Biological Basis Spatial skills involves parietal structures in _________ hemisphere (areas involved in _________ and visual functions)

- right | - somatosensory

Intelligence: Biological Basis Math skills involves the _________ frontal lobe (precise _________ such as times tables) and both parietal lobes (estimates of calculations)

- left | - calculations

Intelligence: Biological Basis Linguistic skills involve the left frontal and _________ lobes

-temporal

Intelligence: Biological Basis Evidence for a general intelligence but also for _________ skills that contribute to intelligence

specific

Intelligence: Biological Basis Nature/nurture- Role of _________ background shown by similarity of intelligence of _________ members, even if separated early in life

- genetic | - family

Intelligence: Biological Basis IQ of _________ twins is more closely correlated than IQ of _________ twins (even if identical twins reared apart)

- identical | - fraternal

Intelligence: Biological Basis Nature- Heritability of intelligence is approximately ___%

Intelligence: Biological Basis Genetic influence on working _________, processing speed, and _________ time

- memory | - reaction

Intelligence: Biological Basis Higher heritability for general intelligence than _________ abilities

individual

Intelligence: Biological Basis No specific genes that influence intelligence have been _________

identified

Intelligence: Biological Basis Nurture- Multiple _________ influences on IQ each with a small influence makes identification of influences _________

- environmental | - difficult

Intelligence: Biological Basis One study found that _________ increased IQ and IQ was related to _________ of breastfeeding

- breastfeeding | - duration

Intelligence: Biological Basis One study found that breastfeeding increased IQ and IQ was related to duration of breastfeeding -Likely due to increase in mother/child _________

interaction

Intelligence: Biological Basis Environmental manipulations like Head Start have _________ produced long-lasting increases in IQ

not

Intelligence: Biological Basis Environmental manipulations like Head Start have not produced long-lasting increases in IQ -Has produced beneficial effects on _________

performance

Intelligence: Biological Basis Improving _________ status can increase IQ level

socioeconomic

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Decrease in _________ abilities due to age

cognitive

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Decline is _________ – many studies overestimated _________ because they compared older people with younger people

- modest | - deficits

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- IQ has increased across _________ – need longitudinal studies to assess decline in IQ with age

generations

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Largest changes are in perceptual _________ and _________ ability

- speed | - numeric

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- If performance speed is removed as a factor in tests, performance _________ with age diminish – age-related deficits in working memory are mostly due to decrease in _________ speed

- decreases | - processing

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Aging Decrease in _________ abilities due to age

cognitive

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Decrease in long-term _________ and memory storage

potentiation

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Decrease in long-term potentiation and memory storage -Decrease is thought to involve _________ and _________ systems

- GABA | - glutamate

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Older people require more brain activity to complete same _________ as younger people

tasks

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Cognitive functioning can be improved by: - _________ – opportunity to use skills - Increased _________

- Practice | - self-esteem

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Cognitive functioning can be improved by: - Increasing _________ activity - Sex _________ - -Estrogen - -Testosterone

- GABA | - hormones

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Estrogen replacement _________ effects of aging on cognition in _________ women

- diminishes | - menopausal

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Stimulation of Estrogen receptors in brain increase _________ metabolism, blood flow, and response to _________

- glucose | - acetylcholine

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Estrogen improves functioning in _________ areas

prefrontal

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Testosterone -Men over 50 who maintain testosterone levels – better _________ and verbal memory, and _________ functioning

- visual | - visuospatial

- LAST CARD - Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence Aging- Testosterone When dihydrotestosterone is converted to estrogen, additional _________ improvement

memory