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Biopsychology 316 > Exam 5 - 4/6 > Flashcards

Exam 5 - 4/6 Flashcards

1
Q

Depression -

_________ (SAD)
Depression changes with the seasons

A

Season Affective Disorder

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2
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Not as severe as _________ depression generally

A

major

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3
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Majority of individuals are depressed in fall and _________ but improve in spring and summer (may be _________ in the summer)

A
  • winter

- hypomanic

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4
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Others are depressed in the summer and better in the _________ (may be hypomanic in the winter)

A

-winter

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5
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

_________ circadian rhythm (go to sleep later and _________ later)

A
  • Phase-delayed

- wake

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6
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

When depressed, sleep for _________ periods, gain weight, crave _________

A
  • excessive

- carbohydrates

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7
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

More common in _________ and younger people

A

women

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8
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Amount of natural _________ is an important factor in SAD, _________ may be a factor in individuals who are depressed in the summer

A
  • light

- temperature

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9
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Amount of natural light is an important factor in _________ , temperature may be a factor in individuals who are depressed in the _________

A
  • SAD

- summer

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10
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

_________ is used for winter depression – exposure to high intensity lights for several _________ each day

A
  • Phototherapy

- hours

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11
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Patients with winter depression have lower _________ levels which carbohydrates increase – increase carbohydrate intake may be _________

A
  • serotonin

- self-medication

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12
Q

Depression -
-Season Affective Disorder (SAD)

Patients with winter depression have lower serotonin levels which _________ increase – _________ carbohydrate intake may be self-medication

A
  • carbohydrates

- increase

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13
Q

Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

-Wide _________ in duration of depressed and manic cycles – can alternate every ___ hours

A
  • variation

- 48

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14
Q

Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

_________ triggers mania whereas onset of depression occurs _________

A
  • Stress

- spontaneously

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15
Q

Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

Treatment – _________ carbonate

A

lithium

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16
Q

Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

Treatment – lithium carbonate

Most effective on _________ but can also prevent _________ episodes

A
  • mania

- depressive

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17
Q

Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive) -

Treatment – lithium carbonate

Lithium affects several _________ systems stabilizing neurotransmitter _________

A
  • neurotransmitter

- systems

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18
Q

What is intelligence?

The ability to _________, to understand, and to profit from _________

A
  • reason

- experience

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19
Q

Intelligence test - intelligence quotient (IQ), originally developed to test children
IQ score = _________/chronological age x 100

A

mental age

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20
Q

Intelligence test - intelligence quotient (IQ), originally developed to test children
IQ score = mental age/_________ age x ____

A
  • chronological

- 100

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21
Q

____ = average IQ score;

approximately 2% of population have an IQ score of ≤ ___ and approximately 2% have scores ≥ ___

A
  • 100
  • 70
  • 130
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22
Q

IQ scores are increasing by _________ points per generation so tests are adjusted to maintain an average of ____

A
  • 5 – 25

- 100

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23
Q

Intelligence tests best at predicting school _________ (correlation of 0.4 – 0.6)

A

performance

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24
Q

Criticized – IQ scores are related to academic performance and _________ socioeconomic levels

A

-higher

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25
Q

Intelligence means different things in different _________ – some people succeed in their environment more than others

A

cultures

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26
Q

Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests _________

A

measure

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27
Q

_________ – e.g., Raven Progressive Matrices – nonverbal, culture independent

A

Culture free tests

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28
Q

_________ – high levels of ability unrelated to IQ and academic performance

A

Street smart

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29
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

“Lumpers” (_________ theorists) believe intelligence is mainly one capability they call the general factor (g)

A

general factor

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30
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

_________ believe intelligence is mainly one capability they call the general factor (g)

A

“Lumpers” (general factor theorists)

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31
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

“Lumpers” (general factor theorists) believe intelligence is mainly _________ capability they call the _________ factor (g)

A
  • one

- general

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32
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

“Lumpers”

People generally have _________ scores on various tests even if they are particularly talented in one _________ (e.g., math)

A
  • similar

- area

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33
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

“Lumpers”

Prefer to measure intelligence based on tests such as _________ Progressive Matrices which do NOT measure specific _________

A
  • Raven

- abilities

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34
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

_________ believe intelligence is made up of several independent mental abilities (look at subtest scores on IQ test rather than overall score)

A

“Splitters”

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35
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

“Splitters” believe intelligence is made up of _________ independent mental abilities (look at _________ scores on IQ test rather than _________ score)

A
  • several
  • subtest
  • overall
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36
Q

Does intelligence involve a single process or multiple processes?

“Splitters”

Autistic savants have one or more exceptional ability but overall functioning is _________ normal

A

below

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37
Q

Difficulties defining intelligence hamper assessment of the _________ bases of intelligence

A

biological

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38
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Is there a specific location for general intelligence (g)?
PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of _________

A

prefrontal cortex

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39
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of prefrontal cortex

Supports evidence that damage to this area causes impairment of _________

A

general intelligence

40
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of prefrontal cortex

Frontal areas involved in working _________ and _________ control

A
  • memory

- executive

41
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

PET scans on subjects given reasoning tasks resulted in activation of prefrontal cortex

Likely that other _________ regions also involved

42
Q

Does brain size influence intelligence?

Absolute brain size does NOT reflect _________ but brain size relative to body size may – humans have one of highest ratios of brain size to _________ size

A
  • intelligence

- body

43
Q

Does brain size influence intelligence?

Absolute brain size does not reflect intelligence but _________ size relative to body size may – humans have one of _________ ratios of brain size to body size

A
  • brain

- highest

44
Q

MRI studies only find that ___% of difference in intelligence corresponds to brain _________

45
Q

MRI studies only find that 11% of difference in intelligence corresponds to brain size
-Einstein’s brain was 200 g _________ than average brains

46
Q

After adjusting for body weight, men’s brains are on average _________ g heavier than women’s

47
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Twin studies – general intelligence correlates with _________ of gray and white matter, especially _________ matter in frontal area

A
  • volume

- gray

48
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Intelligence appears to be related in part to rapid _________ growth around the age of ___

A
  • cortical

- 11

49
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Another MRI study found that IQ correlates with the size of many brain _________

50
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

General intelligence correlates with _________ matter throughout the cortex

51
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

IQ is correlated with:

  • _________ time
  • Nerve conduction _________
A
  • Reaction

- velocity

52
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

IQ is correlated with:

Extent of _________ of neurons and information processing _________

A
  • myelination

- speed

53
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

IQ is correlated with:

Myelin increases speed of _________ and increases accuracy of _________ information by reducing _________ between neurons

A
  • conduction
  • processing
  • cross-talk
54
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

_________ - increased working memory and speed of processing allows more information to be transferred to long-term memory and stored

A

Short-term memory

55
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Short-term memory - increased working memory and speed of processing allows more _________ to be transferred to long-term _________ and stored

A
  • information

- memory

56
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Processing efficiency and use of energy-

-Individuals with higher IQs used _________ energy to play tetris than individuals with _________ IQ

A
  • less

- lower

57
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Processing efficiency and use of energy-

-Individuals with IQ 50 – 70, used _________ energy to complete a task requiring attention than individuals with a _________ IQ ≥ 115,

A
  • more

- higher

58
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Performance on all cognitive tests are related suggesting a _________ intelligence, however three capabilities are particularly strongly associated with intelligence

  • Linguistic skills
  • Logical-mathematical skills
  • Spatial skills
59
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Performance on all cognitive tests are related suggesting a general intelligence, however three capabilities are particularly strongly associated with intelligence

  • Linguistic skills
  • _________ skills
  • Spatial skills
A

Logical-mathematical

60
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Performance on all cognitive tests are related suggesting a general intelligence, however three capabilities are particularly strongly associated with intelligence

  • _________ skills
  • Logical-mathematical skills
  • _________ skills
A
  • Linguistic

- Spatial

61
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

_________ skills involve the left frontal and temporal lobes

A

Linguistic

62
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

_________ skills involves the left frontal lobe and both parietal lobes

63
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

_________ skills involves parietal structures in right hemisphere (areas involved in somatosensory and visual functions)

64
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Spatial skills involves parietal structures in _________ hemisphere (areas involved in _________ and visual functions)

A
  • right

- somatosensory

65
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Math skills involves the _________ frontal lobe (precise _________ such as times tables) and both parietal lobes (estimates of calculations)

A
  • left

- calculations

66
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Linguistic skills involve the left frontal and _________ lobes

67
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Evidence for a general intelligence but also for _________ skills that contribute to intelligence

68
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Nature/nurture-
Role of _________ background shown by similarity of intelligence of _________ members, even if separated early in life

A
  • genetic

- family

69
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

IQ of _________ twins is more closely correlated than IQ of _________ twins (even if identical twins reared apart)

A
  • identical

- fraternal

70
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Nature-
Heritability of intelligence is approximately ___%

71
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Genetic influence on working _________, processing speed, and _________ time

A
  • memory

- reaction

72
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Higher heritability for general intelligence than _________ abilities

A

individual

73
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

No specific genes that influence intelligence have been _________

A

identified

74
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Nurture-
Multiple _________ influences on IQ each with a small influence makes identification of influences _________

A
  • environmental

- difficult

75
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

One study found that _________ increased IQ and IQ was related to _________ of breastfeeding

A
  • breastfeeding

- duration

76
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

One study found that breastfeeding increased IQ and IQ was related to duration of breastfeeding
-Likely due to increase in mother/child _________

A

interaction

77
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Environmental manipulations like Head Start have _________ produced long-lasting increases in IQ

78
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Environmental manipulations like Head Start have not produced long-lasting increases in IQ
-Has produced beneficial effects on _________

A

performance

79
Q

Intelligence: Biological Basis

Improving _________ status can increase IQ level

A

socioeconomic

80
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Decrease in _________ abilities due to age

81
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Decline is _________ – many studies overestimated _________ because they compared older people with younger people

A
  • modest

- deficits

82
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
IQ has increased across _________ – need longitudinal studies to assess decline in IQ with age

A

generations

83
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Largest changes are in perceptual _________ and _________ ability

A
  • speed

- numeric

84
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
If performance speed is removed as a factor in tests, performance _________ with age diminish – age-related deficits in working memory are mostly due to decrease in _________ speed

A
  • decreases

- processing

85
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Aging
Decrease in _________ abilities due to age

86
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Decrease in long-term _________ and memory storage

A

potentiation

87
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Decrease in long-term potentiation and memory storage
-Decrease is thought to involve _________ and _________ systems

A
  • GABA

- glutamate

88
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Older people require more brain activity to complete same _________ as younger people

89
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Cognitive functioning can be improved by:

  • _________ – opportunity to use skills
  • Increased _________
A
  • Practice

- self-esteem

90
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Cognitive functioning can be improved by:

  • Increasing _________ activity
  • Sex _________
  • -Estrogen
  • -Testosterone
A
  • GABA

- hormones

91
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Estrogen replacement _________ effects of aging on cognition in _________ women

A
  • diminishes

- menopausal

92
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Stimulation of Estrogen receptors in brain
increase _________ metabolism, blood flow, and response to _________

A
  • glucose

- acetylcholine

93
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Estrogen improves functioning in _________ areas

A

prefrontal

94
Q

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Testosterone
-Men over 50 who maintain testosterone levels – better _________ and verbal memory, and _________ functioning

A
  • visual

- visuospatial

95
Q
  • LAST CARD -

Intelligence: Disorder of Intelligence

Aging-
Testosterone
When dihydrotestosterone is converted to estrogen, additional _________ improvement

Biopsychology 316 (14 decks)

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