XXXXXXXXXX Empirical analysis - - Experimental conditions are _________ controlled - One variable _________ at a time - Experimental designs include _________ groups

- tightly - manipulated - control

Exam 1 - 1/5, 1/10 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

_________ – the study of the nervous system

Neuroscience

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_________ - the study of the relationships between behavior and the body, particularly the brain

Biopsychology

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Biopsychology - the study of the relationships between _________ and the _________ , particularly the brain

behavior

- body

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_________- The study of the biological processes underlying behavior and mental processes

Biopsychology

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_________- what happens to the brain when someone learns something or becomes addicted to a drug

Biopsychology

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A major goal of biopsychology is to improve the health of _________ and other animals

humans

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One in five people will suffer from a _________ or psychiatric disorder

neurological

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Schizophrenia (___ million in the US),
Alzheimer’s (5.3 million), depression (___ million),
drug abuse (15 million)

- 10

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All psychological processes are based on _________ processes, many of which occur in the _________

biological

- brain

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Biopsychology = the study of the biological processes underlying _________ and mental processes

behavior

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_________ is a description of the things the brain does

Mind

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mind = _________ activity

brain

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Stimulation of the brain evokes _________

experiences

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_________-
A proposed mechanism for how something works

Models

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_________ -
Test theories and models by direct observation and experimental manipulation rather than using intuition

Empirical analysis

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Empirical analysis -
Test theories and models by direct observation and experimental _________ rather than using _________

manipulation

- intuition

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Empirical analysis -

Experimental conditions are _________ controlled
One variable _________ at a time
Experimental designs include _________ groups

tightly
manipulated
control

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3 types of analysis -

Make changes in brain and look for changes in _________
–eg, stimulate a particular brain region and look for changes in _________

behavior

- movement

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3 types of analysis -

Change _________ and look for changes in the brain
–eg, present a visual stimulus and look for _________ changes in the brain

behavior

- activity

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3 types of analysis -

Look for correlations between differences in _________ and differences in the brain
–eg, brain _________ and intelligence

behavior

- size

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Studies require looking at or altering the brain
-Brain imaging techniques to look at the human brain (eg, functional ___, ___ scans)

- PET

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-Ethics of research studies-

_________ : Institutional review boards (IRB)

Humans

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-Ethics of research studies-

_________ : University Committee on Use and Care of Animals (UCUCA)

Animals

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Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes

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Humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes – ___ total chromosomes

- 23 | - 46

Humans have ___ chromosomes from mother and ___ from father

- 23 | - 23

Humans have ___ chromosome of each ____ from mother, other from father

- 1 | - pair

chromosomes are _________ lengths except within the pairs they are the _________ length

- different | - same

chromosomes are different lengths except within the pairs they are the same length, exception is the XY (sex) chromosome pair, they are _________ lengths

different

_________ – found on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells

Genes

Genes – found on chromosomes in the _________ of cells

nucleus

_________ – biological unit that directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics

Gene

Gene – biological unit that directs _________ processes and transmits _________ characteristics

- cellular | - inherited

Genes are made of _________ acid (DNA)

deoxyribonucleic

Genes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | - _________ for making proteins

Instructions

Genes for a particular function located at same place on both _________

chromosomes

Different forms of the gene are called _________

alleles

_________ alleles on both chromosomes – homozygous for that trait

Identical

Identical alleles on both chromosomes – _________ for that trait

homozygous

When alleles are _________ on the two chromosomes – heterozygous for that trait

different

When alleles are different on the two chromosomes – _________ for that trait

heterozygous

Two Upper case AA or two lower case aa, alleles = _________

homozygous

Two different alleles Aa or aA = _________

heterozygous

_________ – combination of genes (genetic makeup)

Genotype

Genotype – combination of genes ( _________ makeup)

genetic

_________ – physical characteristic

Phenotype

You _________ tell someones Genotype by looking at that person

can not

You _________ tell someones Phenotype by looking at that person

can

Alleles can be dominant or _________

recessive

_________ alleles produce their effects when paired with a _________ allele (e.g., eye color)

- Dominant | - recessive

_________ alleles are only expressed when both alleles in the pair are _________

- Recessive | - recessive

___ chromosome is shorter than the ___ chromosome

- Y | - X

dominant / recessive exception = alleles on the _________ – Y chromosome is shorter so not all alleles are paired

sex chromosomes

dominant / recessive exception = alleles on the sex chromosomes – Y chromosome is shorter so not all alleles are _________

paired

___ different genes contribute to eye color

_________ within the iris contribute to eye color

melanocytes

Multiple genes contribute to most phenotypes – _________ | Exception: huntington’s disease

polygenic

Multiple genes contribute to most _________ – polygenic | Exception: _________

- phenotypes | - huntington’s disease

_________ (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) Technique that allows genes to be easily _________ in different organisms

- CRISPR | - altered

Most scientists agree – both _________ and _________ influence the phenotype/trait

- nature | - nurture

_________ axon– brings information into a structure

Afferent

Afferent axon– brings information into a structure (A = _________ )

admission

_________ axon – carries information away from a structure

Efferent

Efferent axon – carries information away from a structure (E = _________ )

exit

_________ neurons (most common)

Multipolar

_________ - Many dendrites and a single axon - Motor and interneurons

Multipolar neurons

Multipolar neurons - Many dendrites and a single _________ - Motor and _________

- axon | - interneurons

Multipolar neurons _________ – axons can be very short

Interneurons

_________ - | Single dendrite at one end of cell body and a single axon at the other

Bipolar neurons

Bipolar neurons - | Single dendrite at one end of cell _________ and a single _________ at the other

- body | - axon

_________ neurons – ear, eye and nose

Sensory

``` _________ - Single process (axon) that branches in 2 directions after leaving the cell body ```

Unipolar neurons

``` Unipolar neurons - Single process (______) that branches in 2 directions after leaving the _________ ```

- axon | - cell body

Sensory (_________) neurons

Afferent

Motor (_________) neurons

Efferent

Local anesthetics block _________ channels

sodium

Local anesthetics block sodium channels | -blocks _________ so no pain messages reach the brain

action potentials

General anesthetics act by opening ____ channels

K+

Mutations in ion channels (_________) associated with seizure disorders, deafness, muscle and cardiac diseases

channelopathy

-Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated- Neurotransmitter is taken back into presynaptic terminals (_________) and repackaged into _________

- reuptake | - vesicles

-Neurotransmitter effects must be terminated- Broken down chemically in the _________ and then reabsorbed _________

- synaptic cleft | - glial cells

_________ - A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

GABA

_________ - A major excitatory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

_________ - involved in memory

Glutamate

• Mimicking neurotransmitters - _________

AGONIST

• Blocking receptors – _________

ANTAGONIST