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Biopsychology 316 > Exam 3 - 2/21, 2.23 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - 2/21, 2.23 Flashcards

1
Q

Marijuana

Marijuana is the dried and crushed leaves and flowers of the Indian hemp plant, _________

A

Cannabis sativa

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2
Q

Marijuana -

The major psychoactive ingredient is _________ (THC).

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

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3
Q

Marijuana -

THC binds with cannabinoid receptors on the ____-synaptic terminals, which ordinarily respond to endogenous cannabinoids (_________ and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG))

A
  • pre

- Anandamide

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4
Q

Marijuana -

THC binds with _________ receptors on the pre-synaptic terminals, which ordinarily respond to _________ cannabinoids (Anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG))

A
  • cannabinoid

- endogenous

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5
Q

Marijuana -

Endogenous cannabinoids released from _________ terminal

A

postsynaptic

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6
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:
- _________ are on presynaptic terminals
– _________ release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals

A
  • Receptors

- Inhibit

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7
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:
-Receptors are on _________ terminals
–Inhibit release of neurotransmitters from _________ terminals

A
  • presynaptic

- presynaptic

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8
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

_________ the release of glutamate and _________

A
  • Inhibit

- GABA

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9
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

Inhibit the release of _________ and GABA

A

-glutamate

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10
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

Indirectly increases dopamine levels in _________ by inhibiting GABA

A

ventral tegmental area

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11
Q

Marijuana -
Mechanism of action:

Indirectly _________ dopamine levels in ventral tegmental area by inhibiting _________

A
  • increases

- GABA

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12
Q

Marijuana -

  • Receptors in _________
  • -Impaired cognitive function
  • -Distortions of time and sensory perception
A

frontal cortex

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13
Q

Marijuana -

  • Receptors in frontal cortex
  • -Impaired _________ function
  • -Distortions of time and _________ perception
A
  • cognitive

- sensory

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14
Q

Marijuana -

Receptors in _________
Disrupts memory

A

hippocampus

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15
Q

Marijuana -

Receptors in areas that affect movement/coordination including _________

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

_________ -

LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

A

Hallucinogens

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17
Q

-Hallucinogens-
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

  • Cause _________ distortions in the user
  • -Light, color, and details are _________ , objects may change shape, sounds may evoke visual experiences, and light may produce _________ sensations
A
  • perceptual
  • intensified
  • auditory
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18
Q

-Hallucinogens-
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

Chemically similar to the neurotransmitter _________
Stimulate postsynaptic serotonin type 2A receptors (5-HT2A) at _________ times or for longer duration

A
  • serotonin

- inappropriate

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19
Q

-Hallucinogens-
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, ecstasy

Chemically similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin
Stimulate postsynaptic serotonin type ___ receptors (5-HT2A) at inappropriate times or for _________ duration

A
  • 2A

- longer

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20
Q

_________-

Increases release of dopamine and several other transmitters

A

Amphetamine

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21
Q

_________-

Excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased fatigue

A

Amphetamine / Cocaine

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22
Q

_________- Blocks reuptake of dopamine and several other transmitters

A

Cocaine

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23
Q

_________- Blocks reuptake of dopamine and others, but gradually

A

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

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24
Q

_________- Releases dopamine

Releases serotonin, damages axons containing serotonin

A

MDMA “ecstasy”

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25
Q

_________-
Low dose: stimulant

Higher dose: sensory distortions

A

MDMA “ecstasy”

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26
Q

_________- Increased concentration

A

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

27
Q

_________- Mostly stimulant effects

A

Nicotine

28
Q

_________ - Stimulates nicotinic-type acetylcholine receptor, which (among other effects) increases dopamine release in nucleus _________

A
  • Nicotine

- accumbens

29
Q

_________- Relaxation, withdrawal, decreased pain

A

Opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine)

30
Q

_________- Stimulates opioid receptors

A

Opiates (e.g., heroin, morphine

31
Q

_________- Altered sensory experiences, decreased pain and nausea, increased appetite

A

Cannabinoids (marijuana)

32
Q

_________ - Excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells; those receptors ordinarily respond to _________ and 2AG

A
  • Cannabinoids (marijuana)

- anandamide

33
Q

_________ - Distorted sensations

A

Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD)

34
Q

_________ - Stimulates serotonin type 2A receptors (__-HT2A)

A
  • Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD)

- 5

35
Q

Theories have been proposed to account for addiction

  • Pleasurable, _________ effects of drugs
  • Avoidance of _________ effects
A
  • reinforcing

- withdrawal

36
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Positive drug effects (pleasure)
Theory =
Addictive drugs are positive _________ – produce pleasant _________ states

A
  • reinforcers

- emotional

37
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Drug use is maintained because drugs induce a _________ that addicts seek repeatedly

A

high

38
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Positive drug effects (pleasure)

  • _________ with theory
  • -Pleasurable effects need to be huge to counter aversive _________ of drug use and for the memory of the pleasure to initiate further drug use
A
  • Issues

- consequences

39
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Positive drug effects (pleasure)
-Issues with theory

–Weak correlation between _________ induced by drugs and addiction

A

euphoria

40
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Many addictive drugs do not produce powerful _________ effects when first taken (e.g., nicotine)

A

euphoric

41
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Addicts report drug is not producing the high anymore but still _________ seek drug and can’t explain why

A

compulsively

42
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Within a drug binge, _________ develops to subjective effects but does not _________ drug use

A
  • tolerance

- stop

43
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

Avoidance of withdrawal
Theory =
drugs are re-administered to prevent _________ symptoms

A

withdrawal

44
Q

-Theories of Addiction-
Issues with theory

  • People re-administer drugs long after withdrawal has ceased – after long periods of _________
  • Relief of withdrawal is not an effective _________ for addiction
A
  • abstinence

- treatment

45
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

The pleasurable effects of drugs do not seem to _________ why people continue to take drugs

A

explain

46
Q

-Theories of Addiction-

There appears to be a dissociation between the _________ effects of drugs and how much addicts _________ to take drugs

A
  • pleasurable

- want

47
Q

_________-

  • Activated by natural rewards such as food, water, sex
  • Things that activate this system become more desirable
  • Addictive drugs also activate this dopamine system
A

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system

48
Q

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system

  • Activated by natural rewards such as _________, water, _________
  • Things that activate this system become more desirable
  • Addictive drugs also activate this dopamine system
A
  • food

- sex

49
Q

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system

  • Activated by natural rewards such as food, water, sex
  • Things that activate this system become more _________
  • _________ drugs also activate this dopamine system
A
  • desirable

- Addictive

50
Q

The _________ dopamine system

  • Activated by _________ rewards such as food, water, sex
  • Things that activate this system become more desirable
  • Addictive drugs also activate this _________ system
A
  • mesolimbocortical
  • natural
  • dopamine
51
Q

Factors that affect addiction vulnerability:

_________ - exposure to drugs

A

Environment

52
Q

Factors that affect addiction vulnerability:
_________ – some individuals have an increased risk of addiction because of their genetic make-up
–The children of alcoholics are ___ times more likely to develop alcoholism even if adopted by non-alcoholic families

A
  • Genetic

- 4

53
Q

Factors that affect addiction vulnerability:

*Genetic – some individuals have an _________ risk of addiction because of their genetic make-up
The children of alcoholics are 4 times more likely to develop _________ even if adopted by non-alcoholic families

A
  • increased

- alcoholism

54
Q

Sensitivity to the initial effects of alcohol affects _________ use and the probability of _________

A
  • subsequent

- addiction

55
Q

Metabolism of alcohol:

_____ = alcohol dehydrogenase;

_____ = aldehyde dehydrogenase

A
  • ADH

- ALDH

56
Q

Individuals Who are _________ Sensitive to Alcohol are _________ Likely to Develop Alcoholism

A
  • Less

- More

57
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

How Can We Identify the Genes That Determine Sensitivity to Alcohol?

_________ (Drosophila Melanogaster)

A

Fruit flies

58
Q

Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention

_________ therapy
Alcoholics anonymous, narcotics anonymous

A

Behavioral

59
Q

Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention

_________ (drugs)
-Replacement therapies – replace addictive drugs (_________)

A
  • Pharmacotherapeutics

- agonists

60
Q

Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention

  • Block effects of addictive drugs (_________)
  • -Naltrexone/_______ (alcohol and opiates)
A
  • antagonists

- naloxone

61
Q

Current Treatments For Relapse Prevention

-Alter the efficacy of addictive drugs (_________)

A

vaccines

62
Q

Alcohol: Disulfiram (_________)

Disulfiram inhibits _________ causing an increase in acetaldehyde levels

A
  • Antabuse

- aldehyde dehydrogenase

63
Q
  • LAST CARD -

Alcohol: Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase causing an increase in _________ levels

A

acetaldehyde

Biopsychology 316 (14 decks)

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