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Biopsychology 316 > Exam 3 - 3/7 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - 3/7 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ -

Removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries) removes the major source of sex hormones

A

Castration

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2
Q

Castration -

Removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries) removes the major source of _________

A

sex hormones

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3
Q

Castration -

Decrease in _________ motivation in nonhuman mammals of both _________

A
  • sexual

- sexes

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4
Q

Castration -

_________ still produce small amounts of hormones (male and female)

A

Adrenals

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5
Q

_________ -

Class of hormones responsible for a number of male characteristics and functions

A

Androgens

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6
Q

Androgens-

Class of hormones responsible for a number of _________ characteristics and functions

A

-male

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7
Q

Androgens-

_________ is the major sex hormone in males

A

Testosterone

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8
Q

Androgens-

Blocking production of _________ highly effective in eliminating _________ sexual behavior

A
  • testosterone

- deviant

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9
Q

Androgens-

Male sexual behavior requires _________ testosterone levels
-Level of sexual activity _________ directly related to testosterone levels

A
  • minimal

- not

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10
Q

Testosterone levels rise after sexual activity so does not appear to _________ sexual activity

A

initiate

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11
Q

_________ -

A class of hormones responsible for a number of female characteristics and functions

A

Estrogens

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12
Q

Estrogens -

A class of hormones responsible for a number of _________ characteristics and functions

A

female

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13
Q

Estrogens -

_________ -
-Time when the female is ovulating
-Sex hormone levels are high
Animals said to be in _________

A
  • Estrus

- heat

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14
Q

Estrogens -

Estrus
-Time when the female is _________
-Sex hormone levels are _________
Animals said to be in heat

A
  • ovulating

- high

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15
Q

_________ -

Second major class of female hormones
-progesterone
A

Progestins

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16
Q

Progestins-

Second major class of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormones
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • female

- progesterone

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17
Q

Unlike other species women engage in sexual activity at times other than _________

A

ovulation

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18
Q

Women do initiate sex more often during middle of _________

A

cycle

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19
Q

Estrogen and Testosterone – peaks _________

A

midcycle

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20
Q

Testosterone also increases sexual behavior in _________ and is more closely correlated with sexual activity during _________

A
  • women

- menopause

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21
Q

Testosterone increases _________ sexual activity

A

after

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22
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial preoptic area of hypothalamus (MPOA)

Important in male and female sexual behavior – _________ more than motivation

A

performance

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23
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial preoptic area of hypothalamus (MPOA)

Stimulation of the MPOA increases _________ in rats of both sexes

A

copulation

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24
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial preoptic area of hypothalamus (MPOA)

The MPOA is active when rats copulate _________

A

spontaneously

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25
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial preoptic area of hypothalamus (MPOA)

Testosterone and _________ prime the MPOA to release dopamine - MPOA neurons strongly release dopamine during _________ activity

A
  • estradiol

- sexual

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26
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial preoptic area of hypothalamus (MPOA)

Testosterone and estradiol prime the MPOA to release _________ - MPOA neurons strongly release _________ during sexual activity

A
  • dopamine

- dopamine

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27
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

-CNS Control of Sexual Behavior-

Medial _________ area of _________ (MPOA)

A

hypothalamus

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28
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

-CNS Control of Sexual Behavior-

Sexually _________ nucleus (SDN)

A

dimorphic

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29
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

-located in the medial _________ area

A

preoptic

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30
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

More important for sexual activity in _________

Destruction of SDN _________ male sexual activity

A
  • males

- reduces

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31
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

Connects to other _________ areas of the brain –
-coordinates behavioral and _________ responses to sensory cues

A
  • sex-related

- physiological

32
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)

Level of sexual activity in males related to the _________ of their SDN
-Size of SDN depends on prenatal exposure to _________

A
  • size

- testosterone

33
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

-CNS Control of Sexual Behavior-

Ventromedial _________ of the hypothalamus

A

nucleus

34
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

  • Important for sexual behavior in _________ rats
  • Destruction reduces the _________ responsiveness to a male’s advances
A
  • female

- female’s

35
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Activity _________ in this area during copulation in rats

A

increases

36
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial amygdala

Contributes to sexual behavior in rats of _________

A

both sexes

37
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

-CNS Control of Sexual Behavior-

_________ amygdala

A

Medial

38
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial amygdala

Responds to sexually exciting _________ - presence of a potential _________ partner

A
  • stimuli

- sex

39
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Medial amygdala

Stimulation causes release of _________ in the medial _________ area of hypothalamus

A
  • dopamine

- preoptic

40
Q

_________ - the biological characteristics that divide humans and other animals into the _________ of male and female

A
  • Sex

- categories

41
Q

Sex - the _________ characteristics that divide _________ and other animals into the categories of male and female

A
  • biological

- humans

42
Q

_________ - behavioral characteristics associated with being male or female

A

Gender

43
Q

Gender - _________ characteristics associated with being male or female

A

behavioral

44
Q

Gender role - set of behaviors _________ considers appropriate for people of a given _________ sex

A
  • society

- biological

45
Q

_________ - set of behaviors society considers appropriate for people of a given biological sex

A

Gender role

46
Q

_________ - person’s subjective feeling of being male or female

A

Gender identity

47
Q

Gender identity - person’s _________ feeling of being male or female

A

subjective

48
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Organizing and activating effects of hormones-

_________ – changes in structure prenatally and shortly after birth – sensitive stages of development – lifelong changes

A

Organizing effects

49
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Organizing and activating effects of hormones-

Organizing effects – changes in structure _________ and shortly after birth – sensitive stages of _________ – lifelong changes

A
  • prenatally

- development

50
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Initially XX and XY embryos are _________

A

undifferentiated

51
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

The default sex is _________
-If little testosterone - gonads develop into ovaries and the _________, vagina, clitoris, and labia develop

A
  • female

- uterus

52
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

The default sex is female
-If little _________ - gonads develop into _________ and the uterus, vagina, clitoris, and _________ develop

A
  • testosterone
  • ovaries
  • labia
53
Q

In female fetuses

The _________ develop into ovaries, where the _________ (eggs) develop

A
  • gonads

- ova

54
Q

In female fetuses

The _________ develop into the uterus, _________ tubes, and the inner vagina

A
  • Müllerian ducts

- fallopian

55
Q

In female fetuses

The _________ wither and are absorbed

A

Wolffian ducts

56
Q

In female fetuses

The undifferentiated external genitals become a _________, the outer segment of the vagina, and the _________ (partially enclose the entrance to the vagina)

A
  • clitoris

- labia

57
Q

In male fetuses

The ____ (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene causes gonads to develop into testes (sperm production)

A

SRY

58
Q

In male fetuses

The SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene causes gonads to develop into _________ (sperm production)

A

testes

59
Q

In male fetuses

Testes secrete 2 hormones

_________ hormone – Müllerian ducts degenerate

_________ – makes the internal organs masculine

A
  • Müllerian inhibiting

- Testosterone

60
Q

In male fetuses

Testes secrete 2 hormones:

Müllerian inhibiting hormone – Müllerian ducts _________

Testosterone – makes the internal organs _________

A
  • degenerate

- masculine

61
Q

In male fetuses

The _________ – seminal vesicles (store semen) and _________ (carries semen from testes to penis)

A
  • Wolffian ducts

- vas deferens

62
Q

_________ causes the undifferentiated external genitals to become the penis and scrotum

A

Dihydrotestosterone

63
Q

-Dihydrotestosterone causes the undifferentiated external _________ to become the penis and _________

A
  • genitals

- scrotum

64
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Activating effects of sex hormones:

  • Can occur at any _________
  • Caused by hormonal fluctuations
  • Produce temporary activation of a particular response or can have long-lasting effects
  • Changes are _________
  • Hormones alter activity in brain regions to change the way the brain responds to stimuli
A
  • time

- reversible

65
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Activating effects of sex hormones:

  • Can occur at any time
  • Caused by _________ fluctuations
  • Produce temporary activation of a particular response or can have long-lasting effects
  • Changes are reversible
  • Hormones alter activity in brain regions to change the way the brain responds to _________
A
  • hormonal

- stimuli

66
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Activating effects of sex hormones:

  • Can occur at any time
  • Caused by hormonal fluctuations
  • Produce _________ activation of a particular response or can have _________ effects
  • Changes are reversible
  • Hormones alter activity in _________ regions to change the way the brain responds to stimuli
A
  • temporary
  • long-lasting
  • brain
67
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Puberty-

_________ – surge of estrogens from ovaries
_________ – ovulation, and menstruation

A
  • Girls

- Girls

68
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Puberty-

Girls – surge of estrogens from _________
Girls – ovulation, and _________

A
  • ovaries

- menstruation

69
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Puberty-

_________ – surge of testosterone from testes
_________ – beard and muscle development, sperm production, ejaculation

A
  • Boys

- Boys

70
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Puberty-

Boys – surge of testosterone from _________
Boys – beard and muscle development, sperm _________, ejaculation

A
  • testes

- production

71
Q

XXXXXXXXXX

Puberty-

Both sexes – increase in _________ activity and preference for company of opposite _________

A
  • sexual

- sex

72
Q

_________ – have sexual characteristics of both sexes

  • True hermaphrodites with both ovaries and _________ tissue are rare in humans
  • Cannot function sexually as both male and female
A
  • Hermaphrodite

- testicular

73
Q

Hermaphrodite – have sexual characteristics of _________ sexes

  • True hermaphrodites with both ovaries and testicular tissue are rare in humans
  • Cannot function _________ as both male and female
A
  • both

- sexually

74
Q

_________ (intersex) -

-Have ambiguous internal and/or external organs, but their gonads (ovaries or testes) are consistent with their _________

A
  • Pseudohermaphrodites

- chromosomes

75
Q
  • LAST CARD -

Pseudohermaphrodites (intersex) - most common

-Have _________ internal and/or external organs, but their _________ (ovaries or testes) are consistent with their chromosomes

A
  • ambiguous

- gonads

Biopsychology 316 (14 decks)

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