Exam 5 - 4/4 Flashcards
Bipolar Disorder - Genetic Studies
Different _________ are involved in depression and bipolar disorder
genes
Bipolar Disorder - Genetic Studies
Greater genetic contribution to bipolar disorder than _________
depression
Depression – Treatment
_________ hypothesis – depression involves reduced activity at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses
Monoamine
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis – depression involves reduced activity at _________ and _________ synapses
- norepinephrine
- serotonin
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis –
Discovered accidentally – use of _________ for tuberculosis elevated mood of patients (monoamine _________ inhibitor)
- iproniazid
- oxidase
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis –
Most antidepressant drugs increase _________ and/or serotonin activity
norepinephrine
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis – Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors block \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of neurotransmitters
degradation
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis –
_________ antidepressants block reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse
Tricyclic
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis –
Tricyclic antidepressants block _________ of neurotransmitters in the synapse
reuptake
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis –
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac just block _________ uptake – dissociation between time of pharmacological and _________ actions (hours vs weeks, respectively)
- serotonin
- therapeutic
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis –
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like _________ just block serotonin uptake – dissociation between time of _________ and therapeutic actions (hours vs weeks, respectively)
- Prozac
- pharmacological
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis –
_________ is common among individuals with depression
Smoking
Depression – Treatment
Monoamine hypothesis – Smoking
_________ – smoke contains monoamine oxidase _________
-Difficulty stopping smoking
- Self-medication
- inhibitors
Depression –
-Treatment issues
A substantial portion of patients are resistant to treatment (_________ %)
30 – 50
Depression –
-Treatment issues
Delay in onset of therapeutic effects an issue if patient is _________
suicidal
Depression – Treatment
_________ therapy (ECT) is an option for these patients
Electroconvulsive
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
70 – 130 volts applied to head of anesthetized patient in brief pulses causes a _________ lasting 30 – 60 seconds
seizure
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
Patients given muscle relaxants to prevent bone fractures caused by _________ spasms
muscle
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
Patients wake up several minutes later confused but without any _________ of the treatment
recall
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
Causes memory and _________ impairments but only for a few months
-If restrict shock to _________ hemisphere can get antidepressant effects _________ side effects
- cognitive
- right
- without
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
___% efficacy though benefit does not last - after ECT some patients can be maintained on _________
- 79
- medication
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
Suitable for patients who experience severe side effects from _________, pregnant women, in patients who are also _________, in patients who are suicidal
- medication
- psychotic
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
Also effective on _________ and schizophrenia
-mania
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left _________ is also effective
prefrontal cortex
Depression – Treatment
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-
Deep brain stimulation through implanted _________ is being evaluated as an experimental treatment for depression
electrodes
Depression – Treatment
Antidepressants increase levels of _________ and serotonin but improvement of depression does not occur for several _________
- norepinephrine
- weeks
Depression – Treatment
Antidepressants increase levels of norepinephrine and _________ but improvement of depression does not occur for several weeks
serotonin
Depression – Treatment
_________ hypothesis suggests that antidepressants and ECT cause an increase in the formation of new neurons in the _________
- Neurogenesis
- hippocampus
Depression – Treatment
How do antidepressants and ECT work?
Time for new neurons to _________ to correct locations corresponds to improvement in symptoms
migrate
Depression – Treatment
How do antidepressants and ECT work?
Increased cell death also occurs so no net increase in the number of _________
neurons
Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms
Depressed individuals tend to be _________ advanced
phase
Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms
Depressed individuals tend to be phase advanced
- Sleepy early in _________ and wake up early
- Adjusting the _________ rhythm can alleviate depression
- evening
- circadian
Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms
Patients enter _________ sleep early and spend more time in REM
REM (rapid eye movement)
Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms
Reducing _________ can be an effective treatment
REM sleep
Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms
_________ also reduce REM sleep (norepinephrine and serotonin reduce _________ sleep)
- Antidepressants
- REM
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)
Decreased neural activity, particularly in the _________ , and sections of the prefrontal cortex
caudate nucleus
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)
Decreased neural activity, particularly in the caudate nucleus, and sections of the _________
prefrontal cortex
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)
Increased neural activity is increased in the _________ and the _________ prefrontal cortex
- amygdala
- ventral
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)
Activity in the ventral _________ is closely associated with periods of depression
prefrontal cortex
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)
_________ hemispheric dominance
Abnormal
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)
Abnormal hemispheric dominance
Normal people have _________ activity in left prefrontal cortex, depressed people have _________ activity in this area but increased activity in right prefrontal cortex
- increased
- decreased
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)
Abnormal hemispheric dominance
Normal people have increased activity in _________ prefrontal cortex, depressed people have decreased activity in this area but increased activity in _________ prefrontal cortex
- left
- right
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
Mania-
Increased neural activity particularly in the _________ prefrontal cortex
ventromedial
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
_________ -
Increased neural activity particularly in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Mania
- LAST CARD -
Affective Disorders – Neural Changes
Mania-
-ventromedial prefrontal cortex
This area could be responsible for switching from _________ to mania
depression
