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Biopsychology 316 > Exam 5 - 4/4 > Flashcards

Exam 5 - 4/4 Flashcards

1
Q

Bipolar Disorder - Genetic Studies

Different _________ are involved in depression and bipolar disorder

A

genes

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2
Q

Bipolar Disorder - Genetic Studies

Greater genetic contribution to bipolar disorder than _________

A

depression

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3
Q

Depression – Treatment

_________ hypothesis – depression involves reduced activity at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses

A

Monoamine

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4
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis – depression involves reduced activity at _________ and _________ synapses

A
  • norepinephrine

- serotonin

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5
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
Discovered accidentally – use of _________ for tuberculosis elevated mood of patients (monoamine _________ inhibitor)

A
  • iproniazid

- oxidase

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6
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
Most antidepressant drugs increase _________ and/or serotonin activity

A

norepinephrine

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7
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors block \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  of neurotransmitters
A

degradation

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8
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
_________ antidepressants block reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse

A

Tricyclic

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9
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
Tricyclic antidepressants block _________ of neurotransmitters in the synapse

A

reuptake

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10
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac just block _________ uptake – dissociation between time of pharmacological and _________ actions (hours vs weeks, respectively)

A
  • serotonin

- therapeutic

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11
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like _________ just block serotonin uptake – dissociation between time of _________ and therapeutic actions (hours vs weeks, respectively)

A
  • Prozac

- pharmacological

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12
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis –
_________ is common among individuals with depression

A

Smoking

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13
Q

Depression – Treatment

Monoamine hypothesis – Smoking
_________ – smoke contains monoamine oxidase _________
-Difficulty stopping smoking

A
  • Self-medication

- inhibitors

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14
Q

Depression –
-Treatment issues

A substantial portion of patients are resistant to treatment (_________ %)

A

30 – 50

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15
Q

Depression –
-Treatment issues

Delay in onset of therapeutic effects an issue if patient is _________

A

suicidal

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16
Q

Depression – Treatment

_________ therapy (ECT) is an option for these patients

A

Electroconvulsive

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17
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

70 – 130 volts applied to head of anesthetized patient in brief pulses causes a _________ lasting 30 – 60 seconds

A

seizure

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18
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

Patients given muscle relaxants to prevent bone fractures caused by _________ spasms

A

muscle

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19
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

Patients wake up several minutes later confused but without any _________ of the treatment

A

recall

20
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

Causes memory and _________ impairments but only for a few months
-If restrict shock to _________ hemisphere can get antidepressant effects _________ side effects

A
  • cognitive
  • right
  • without
21
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

___% efficacy though benefit does not last - after ECT some patients can be maintained on _________

A
  • 79

- medication

22
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

Suitable for patients who experience severe side effects from _________, pregnant women, in patients who are also _________, in patients who are suicidal

A
  • medication

- psychotic

23
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

Also effective on _________ and schizophrenia

A

-mania

24
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left _________ is also effective

A

prefrontal cortex

25
Q

Depression – Treatment

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-

Deep brain stimulation through implanted _________ is being evaluated as an experimental treatment for depression

A

electrodes

26
Q

Depression – Treatment

Antidepressants increase levels of _________ and serotonin but improvement of depression does not occur for several _________

A
  • norepinephrine

- weeks

27
Q

Depression – Treatment

Antidepressants increase levels of norepinephrine and _________ but improvement of depression does not occur for several weeks

A

serotonin

28
Q

Depression – Treatment

_________ hypothesis suggests that antidepressants and ECT cause an increase in the formation of new neurons in the _________

A
  • Neurogenesis

- hippocampus

29
Q

Depression – Treatment

How do antidepressants and ECT work?

Time for new neurons to _________ to correct locations corresponds to improvement in symptoms

A

migrate

30
Q

Depression – Treatment

How do antidepressants and ECT work?
Increased cell death also occurs so no net increase in the number of _________

A

neurons

31
Q

Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms

Depressed individuals tend to be _________ advanced

A

phase

32
Q

Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms

Depressed individuals tend to be phase advanced

  • Sleepy early in _________ and wake up early
  • Adjusting the _________ rhythm can alleviate depression
A
  • evening

- circadian

33
Q

Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms

Patients enter _________ sleep early and spend more time in REM

A

REM (rapid eye movement)

34
Q

Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms

Reducing _________ can be an effective treatment

A

REM sleep

35
Q

Depression – The Role of Circadian Rhythms

_________ also reduce REM sleep (norepinephrine and serotonin reduce _________ sleep)

A
  • Antidepressants

- REM

36
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)

Decreased neural activity, particularly in the _________ , and sections of the prefrontal cortex

A

caudate nucleus

37
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)

Decreased neural activity, particularly in the caudate nucleus, and sections of the _________

A

prefrontal cortex

38
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)

Increased neural activity is increased in the _________ and the _________ prefrontal cortex

A
  • amygdala

- ventral

39
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)

Activity in the ventral _________ is closely associated with periods of depression

A

prefrontal cortex

40
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)

_________ hemispheric dominance

A

Abnormal

41
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)

Abnormal hemispheric dominance

Normal people have _________ activity in left prefrontal cortex, depressed people have _________ activity in this area but increased activity in right prefrontal cortex

A
  • increased

- decreased

42
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

-Depression (unipolar or bipolar)

Abnormal hemispheric dominance

Normal people have increased activity in _________ prefrontal cortex, depressed people have decreased activity in this area but increased activity in _________ prefrontal cortex

A
  • left

- right

43
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

Mania-
Increased neural activity particularly in the _________ prefrontal cortex

A

ventromedial

44
Q

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

_________ -
Increased neural activity particularly in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Mania

45
Q
  • LAST CARD -

Affective Disorders – Neural Changes

Mania-
-ventromedial prefrontal cortex
This area could be responsible for switching from _________ to mania

A

depression

Biopsychology 316 (14 decks)

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