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Biopsychology 316 > Exam 5 - 3/28 > Flashcards

Exam 5 - 3/28 Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia –

Abnormalities in development of specific areas of the brain occur _________ and at birth

A

prenatally

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2
Q

Schizophrenia –

Decrease in activity in _________

A

dorsolateral prefrontal lobe

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3
Q

Schizophrenia –

- Abnormal migration of neurons in _________

A

temporal lobes

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4
Q

Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development

These abnormalities involve incorrect migration of _________ in the hippocampus, temporal and frontal lobes during the second trimester

A

neurons

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5
Q

Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development

These abnormalities involve incorrect migration of neurons in the _________ , temporal and _________ during the second trimester

A
  • hippocampus

- frontal lobes

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6
Q

Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development

These abnormalities involve incorrect migration of neurons in the hippocampus, temporal and frontal lobes during the _________ trimester

A

second

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7
Q

Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development

Neurons do not migrate to _________ areas of cortex but stay in _________ layers

A
  • outer

- deeper

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8
Q

Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development

In _________ , neurons are not in the usual orderly _________

A
  • hippocampus

- pattern

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9
Q

Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development

Abnormal migration may be due to deficiency in a protein called _________ that guides _________

A
  • Reelin

- migration

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10
Q

Schizophrenia –

Pruning and diminishing of grey matter happening in early _________

A

twenties

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11
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

_________ – schizophrenia involves excessive dopamine activity in the brain

A

Dopamine hypothesis

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12
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

– schizophrenia involves excessive _________ activity in the brain

A

dopamine

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13
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

1950s – first use of antipsychotic medication, _________ (thorazine)

A

chlorpromazine

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14
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

Chlorpromazine is a dopamine _________-

A

antagonist

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15
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

Discovery that _________ psychosis, which is very similar to the symptoms of schizophrenia, is due to _________ dopamine activity

A
  • amphetamine

- excessive

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16
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

Schizophrenic patients have higher dopamine activity in the _________

A

striatum

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17
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

Efficacy of antipsychotic drugs are related to their ability to act as _________ antagonists (block dopamine activity), particularly at dopamine ___ receptors

A
  • dopamine

- D2

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18
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

Efficacy of _________ drugs are related to their ability to act as dopamine _________ (block dopamine activity), particularly at dopamine D2 receptors

A
  • antipsychotic

- antagonists

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19
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

chlorpromazine _________

A

(thorazine)

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20
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment

Efficacy of antipsychotic (_________) medications are related to their ability to block dopamine receptors

A

neuroleptic

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21
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment
–Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs cause severe side effects

Motor effects caused by blocking dopamine receptors in the _________ and an increased sensitivity of the dopamine ___ receptors causes tardive dyskinesia (tremors and involuntary movements)

A
  • basal ganglia

- D2

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22
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment
–Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs cause severe side effects

Motor effects caused by blocking _________ receptors in the basal ganglia and an _________ sensitivity of the dopamine D2 receptors causes tardive dyskinesia (tremors and involuntary movements)

A
  • dopamine

- increased

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23
Q

Schizophrenia – Treatment
–Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs cause severe side effects

Motor effects caused by blocking dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia and an increased sensitivity of the dopamine D2 receptors causes _________ (tremors and involuntary movements)

A

tardive dyskinesia

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24
Q

Schizophrenia – side effects

tardive dyskinesia ( _________ and _________ movements)

A
  • tremors

- involuntary

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25
Q

Schizophrenia – side effects

New antipsychotic drugs – _________ antipsychotics

Less specific for dopamine D2 receptors so side effects not apparent unless high doses used

A

atypical

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26
Q

Schizophrenia – side effects

New antipsychotic drugs – atypical antipsychotics

_________ specific for dopamine D2 receptors so side effects not apparent unless _________ doses used

A
  • Less

- high

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27
Q

Schizophrenia – side effects

New antipsychotic drugs – atypical antipsychotics

_____% more effective than older antipsychotic drugs

A

15 – 25

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28
Q

Schizophrenia – side effects

New antipsychotic drugs – atypical antipsychotics

  • Effective even in some _________ resistant patients
  • Effective in patients with _________ symptoms
A
  • treatment

- negative

29
Q

Schizophrenia -
-Issues with the dopamine hypothesis

Despite dopamine receptor blockade by antipsychotic drugs, _________ % of patients do not improve

A

30 - 40

30
Q

Schizophrenia -
-Issues with the dopamine hypothesis

Some patients have a deficit of _________ and have chronic symptoms that do not respond to treatment

A

-dopamine

31
Q

Schizophrenia -
-Issues with the dopamine hypothesis

Antipsychotic drugs immediately block dopamine D2 receptors but their therapeutic effects do not occur for ___ weeks

A

2 – 3

32
Q

Schizophrenia

_________ – reduced glutamate activity plays a role in schizophrenia

A

Glutamate theory

33
Q

Schizophrenia

Reduced _________ activity plays a role in schizophrenia

A

glutamate

34
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

Patients who had improvement in _________ symptoms showed increased glutamate levels but patients who did not improve did not have increases in _________

A
  • negative

- glutamate

35
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

Patients who had improvement in negative symptoms showed _________ glutamate levels but patients who did not improve did not have _________ in glutamate

A
  • increased

- increases

36
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

Atypical antipsychotics increase _________ levels by reducing the _________ of glutamate

A
  • glutamate

- uptake

37
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

_________ inhibits glutamate receptors (NMDA) and at high doses causes both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust)

38
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) inhibits _________ receptors (NMDA) and at high doses causes both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

glutamate

39
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) inhibits glutamate receptors (NMDA) and at _________ doses causes both _________ symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • high

- negative and positive

40
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

PCP can cause a _________ in patients who have recovered from schizophrenia

A

relapse

41
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

Dopamine imbalance in schizophrenia may be caused by reduced glutamate activity in _________

A

prefrontal cortex

42
Q

Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –

Both dopamine and glutamate are likely to play a role in _________

A

schizophrenia

43
Q

Affective Disorders-

_________ – sadness to the point of hopelessness for weeks, lose ability to enjoy life, relationships, and sex, loss of energy and appetite, slowness of thought, and sleep disturbances

A

Major depression

44
Q

Affective Disorders-

Major depression – sadness to the point of hopelessness for _________, lose ability to enjoy _________, relationships, and sex, loss of energy and appetite, slowness of thought, and sleep disturbances

A
  • weeks

- life

45
Q

Affective Disorders-

Major depression – sadness to the point of hopelessness for weeks, lose ability to enjoy life, relationships, and sex, loss of _________ and appetite, slowness of _________ , and sleep disturbances

A
  • energy

- thought

46
Q

Affective Disorders-

Major depression –
Sometimes accompanied by _________ and _________

A
  • agitation

- restlessness

47
Q

Affective Disorders-

Major depression –
Caused by stress or may _________ have a precipitating event

-Highly stressful events often trigger first _________

A
  • not

- episode

48
Q

Affective Disorders-

_________ – excess energy and confidence, grandiose schemes, decreased need for sleep, increased sexual drive, often involves abuse of drugs, loss of inhibitions

A

Mania

49
Q

Affective Disorders-

Mania – excess energy and confidence, _________ schemes, decreased need for _________, increased sexual drive, often involves abuse of drugs, loss of inhibitions

A
  • grandiose

- sleep

50
Q

Affective Disorders-

Mania – excess energy and confidence, grandiose schemes, decreased need for sleep, increased sexual drive, often involves abuse of _________ , loss of _________

A
  • drugs

- inhibitions

51
Q

Affective Disorders-

_________ – alternation between depression and mania

A

Bipolar disorder

52
Q

Affective Disorders-

Bipolar disorder –
Patients can have _________ symptoms – delusions, hallucinations, _________ , bizarre behavior

A
  • psychotic

- paranoia

53
Q

Affective Disorders-

Bipolar disorder –
Mania is usually associated with bouts of _________, mania without depression is _________

A
  • depression

- rare

54
Q

Affective Disorders-

___% lifetime risk of a mood disorder

A

20

55
Q

Affective Disorders-

Cost estimated at almost $___ billion a year in US

A

19

56
Q

Affective Disorders-

Major depression-

  • _________ more susceptible to depression than _________ (two – three times more likely)
  • Peak risk for women is age 35 – 45
  • Risk increases with age in men
A
  • Women

- men

57
Q

Affective Disorders-

Major depression-

  • Women more susceptible to depression than men (two – three times more likely)
  • Peak risk for women is age _________
  • Risk increases with age in _________
A
  • 35 – 45

- men

58
Q

Affective Disorders-

Bipolar disorder-
Occurs equally in men and women
Peak risk – early _________

A

20s - 30

59
Q

Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies

Increased incidence of affective disorders among _________ of a person with an affective disorder

A

relatives

60
Q

Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies

Identical twin of an affected person has a ___% probability

A

69

61
Q

Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies

Fraternal twin ___% probability

A

13

62
Q

Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies

Risk is not altered significantly by being reared in a different _________

A

environment

63
Q

Depression- Genetic Studies

Involves a genetic component which is slightly greater in _________ than _________

A
  • women

- men

64
Q

Depression- Genetic Studies

Relatives of women with _________ depression (before 30) more likely to develop depression

A

early-onset

65
Q

Depression- Genetic Studies

Genes associated with depression are _________ in men and women

A

different

66
Q

Depression- Genetic Studies

Mutation in _________ gene decreases synthesis of serotonin – occurs 10 times more frequently in severely depressed people and these individuals are _________ to treatment with serotonin uptake inhibitors

A
  • hTPH2

- resistant

67
Q

Depression- Genetic Studies

Mutation in hTPH2 gene _________ synthesis of serotonin – occurs ___ times more frequently in severely depressed people and these individuals are resistant to treatment with serotonin uptake inhibitors

A
  • decreases

- 10

68
Q
  • LAST CARD -

Depression- Genetic Studies

Mutation in hTPH2 gene decreases synthesis of _________ – occurs 10 times more frequently in severely depressed people and these individuals are resistant to treatment with serotonin uptake _________

A
  • serotonin

- inhibitors

Biopsychology 316 (14 decks)

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