Exam 5 - 3/28 Flashcards
Schizophrenia –
Abnormalities in development of specific areas of the brain occur _________ and at birth
prenatally
Schizophrenia –
Decrease in activity in _________
dorsolateral prefrontal lobe
Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal migration of neurons in _________
temporal lobes
Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development
These abnormalities involve incorrect migration of _________ in the hippocampus, temporal and frontal lobes during the second trimester
neurons
Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development
These abnormalities involve incorrect migration of neurons in the _________ , temporal and _________ during the second trimester
- hippocampus
- frontal lobes
Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development
These abnormalities involve incorrect migration of neurons in the hippocampus, temporal and frontal lobes during the _________ trimester
second
Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development
Neurons do not migrate to _________ areas of cortex but stay in _________ layers
- outer
- deeper
Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development
In _________ , neurons are not in the usual orderly _________
- hippocampus
- pattern
Schizophrenia –
- Abnormal development
Abnormal migration may be due to deficiency in a protein called _________ that guides _________
- Reelin
- migration
Schizophrenia –
Pruning and diminishing of grey matter happening in early _________
twenties
Schizophrenia – Treatment
_________ – schizophrenia involves excessive dopamine activity in the brain
Dopamine hypothesis
Schizophrenia – Treatment
– schizophrenia involves excessive _________ activity in the brain
dopamine
Schizophrenia – Treatment
1950s – first use of antipsychotic medication, _________ (thorazine)
chlorpromazine
Schizophrenia – Treatment
Chlorpromazine is a dopamine _________-
antagonist
Schizophrenia – Treatment
Discovery that _________ psychosis, which is very similar to the symptoms of schizophrenia, is due to _________ dopamine activity
- amphetamine
- excessive
Schizophrenia – Treatment
Schizophrenic patients have higher dopamine activity in the _________
striatum
Schizophrenia – Treatment
Efficacy of antipsychotic drugs are related to their ability to act as _________ antagonists (block dopamine activity), particularly at dopamine ___ receptors
- dopamine
- D2
Schizophrenia – Treatment
Efficacy of _________ drugs are related to their ability to act as dopamine _________ (block dopamine activity), particularly at dopamine D2 receptors
- antipsychotic
- antagonists
Schizophrenia – Treatment
chlorpromazine _________
(thorazine)
Schizophrenia – Treatment
Efficacy of antipsychotic (_________) medications are related to their ability to block dopamine receptors
neuroleptic
Schizophrenia – Treatment
–Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs cause severe side effects
Motor effects caused by blocking dopamine receptors in the _________ and an increased sensitivity of the dopamine ___ receptors causes tardive dyskinesia (tremors and involuntary movements)
- basal ganglia
- D2
Schizophrenia – Treatment
–Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs cause severe side effects
Motor effects caused by blocking _________ receptors in the basal ganglia and an _________ sensitivity of the dopamine D2 receptors causes tardive dyskinesia (tremors and involuntary movements)
- dopamine
- increased
Schizophrenia – Treatment
–Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs cause severe side effects
Motor effects caused by blocking dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia and an increased sensitivity of the dopamine D2 receptors causes _________ (tremors and involuntary movements)
tardive dyskinesia
Schizophrenia – side effects
tardive dyskinesia ( _________ and _________ movements)
- tremors
- involuntary
Schizophrenia – side effects
New antipsychotic drugs – _________ antipsychotics
Less specific for dopamine D2 receptors so side effects not apparent unless high doses used
atypical
Schizophrenia – side effects
New antipsychotic drugs – atypical antipsychotics
_________ specific for dopamine D2 receptors so side effects not apparent unless _________ doses used
- Less
- high
Schizophrenia – side effects
New antipsychotic drugs – atypical antipsychotics
_____% more effective than older antipsychotic drugs
15 – 25
Schizophrenia – side effects
New antipsychotic drugs – atypical antipsychotics
- Effective even in some _________ resistant patients
- Effective in patients with _________ symptoms
- treatment
- negative
Schizophrenia -
-Issues with the dopamine hypothesis
Despite dopamine receptor blockade by antipsychotic drugs, _________ % of patients do not improve
30 - 40
Schizophrenia -
-Issues with the dopamine hypothesis
Some patients have a deficit of _________ and have chronic symptoms that do not respond to treatment
-dopamine
Schizophrenia -
-Issues with the dopamine hypothesis
Antipsychotic drugs immediately block dopamine D2 receptors but their therapeutic effects do not occur for ___ weeks
2 – 3
Schizophrenia
_________ – reduced glutamate activity plays a role in schizophrenia
Glutamate theory
Schizophrenia
Reduced _________ activity plays a role in schizophrenia
glutamate
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
Patients who had improvement in _________ symptoms showed increased glutamate levels but patients who did not improve did not have increases in _________
- negative
- glutamate
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
Patients who had improvement in negative symptoms showed _________ glutamate levels but patients who did not improve did not have _________ in glutamate
- increased
- increases
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
Atypical antipsychotics increase _________ levels by reducing the _________ of glutamate
- glutamate
- uptake
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
_________ inhibits glutamate receptors (NMDA) and at high doses causes both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust)
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) inhibits _________ receptors (NMDA) and at high doses causes both negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia
glutamate
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust) inhibits glutamate receptors (NMDA) and at _________ doses causes both _________ symptoms of schizophrenia
- high
- negative and positive
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
PCP can cause a _________ in patients who have recovered from schizophrenia
relapse
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
Dopamine imbalance in schizophrenia may be caused by reduced glutamate activity in _________
prefrontal cortex
Schizophrenia
Glutamate theory –
Both dopamine and glutamate are likely to play a role in _________
schizophrenia
Affective Disorders-
_________ – sadness to the point of hopelessness for weeks, lose ability to enjoy life, relationships, and sex, loss of energy and appetite, slowness of thought, and sleep disturbances
Major depression
Affective Disorders-
Major depression – sadness to the point of hopelessness for _________, lose ability to enjoy _________, relationships, and sex, loss of energy and appetite, slowness of thought, and sleep disturbances
- weeks
- life
Affective Disorders-
Major depression – sadness to the point of hopelessness for weeks, lose ability to enjoy life, relationships, and sex, loss of _________ and appetite, slowness of _________ , and sleep disturbances
- energy
- thought
Affective Disorders-
Major depression –
Sometimes accompanied by _________ and _________
- agitation
- restlessness
Affective Disorders-
Major depression –
Caused by stress or may _________ have a precipitating event
-Highly stressful events often trigger first _________
- not
- episode
Affective Disorders-
_________ – excess energy and confidence, grandiose schemes, decreased need for sleep, increased sexual drive, often involves abuse of drugs, loss of inhibitions
Mania
Affective Disorders-
Mania – excess energy and confidence, _________ schemes, decreased need for _________, increased sexual drive, often involves abuse of drugs, loss of inhibitions
- grandiose
- sleep
Affective Disorders-
Mania – excess energy and confidence, grandiose schemes, decreased need for sleep, increased sexual drive, often involves abuse of _________ , loss of _________
- drugs
- inhibitions
Affective Disorders-
_________ – alternation between depression and mania
Bipolar disorder
Affective Disorders-
Bipolar disorder –
Patients can have _________ symptoms – delusions, hallucinations, _________ , bizarre behavior
- psychotic
- paranoia
Affective Disorders-
Bipolar disorder –
Mania is usually associated with bouts of _________, mania without depression is _________
- depression
- rare
Affective Disorders-
___% lifetime risk of a mood disorder
20
Affective Disorders-
Cost estimated at almost $___ billion a year in US
19
Affective Disorders-
Major depression-
- _________ more susceptible to depression than _________ (two – three times more likely)
- Peak risk for women is age 35 – 45
- Risk increases with age in men
- Women
- men
Affective Disorders-
Major depression-
- Women more susceptible to depression than men (two – three times more likely)
- Peak risk for women is age _________
- Risk increases with age in _________
- 35 – 45
- men
Affective Disorders-
Bipolar disorder-
Occurs equally in men and women
Peak risk – early _________
20s - 30
Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies
Increased incidence of affective disorders among _________ of a person with an affective disorder
relatives
Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies
Identical twin of an affected person has a ___% probability
69
Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies
Fraternal twin ___% probability
13
Affective Disorders- Genetic Studies
Risk is not altered significantly by being reared in a different _________
environment
Depression- Genetic Studies
Involves a genetic component which is slightly greater in _________ than _________
- women
- men
Depression- Genetic Studies
Relatives of women with _________ depression (before 30) more likely to develop depression
early-onset
Depression- Genetic Studies
Genes associated with depression are _________ in men and women
different
Depression- Genetic Studies
Mutation in _________ gene decreases synthesis of serotonin – occurs 10 times more frequently in severely depressed people and these individuals are _________ to treatment with serotonin uptake inhibitors
- hTPH2
- resistant
Depression- Genetic Studies
Mutation in hTPH2 gene _________ synthesis of serotonin – occurs ___ times more frequently in severely depressed people and these individuals are resistant to treatment with serotonin uptake inhibitors
- decreases
- 10
- LAST CARD -
Depression- Genetic Studies
Mutation in hTPH2 gene decreases synthesis of _________ – occurs 10 times more frequently in severely depressed people and these individuals are resistant to treatment with serotonin uptake _________
- serotonin
- inhibitors
