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Anatomy and Physiology I > Exam 4: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of the skeletal system

A 
support
protection
mineral storage
blood cell production
muscle attachment
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2
Q

why do men have a greater bone density?

A
  • more muscle mass, put out more androgens to get more dense bone
  • more obvious ridges so when muscle attaches to bone the bone can support and respond to it
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3
Q

losing bone density - teeth

A

if you lose teeth - there will be no stimulus on the alveolar process so you will lose bone density
- this is why they give you pegs with a fake tooth so you are still getting the stimulus and not losing bone density

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4
Q

4 components of the skeletal system

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • tendons and ligaments
  • bone marrow
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5
Q

ligament

A

bone to bone

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6
Q

tendon

A

muscle to bone

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7
Q

where can you find short bones

A

carpals and tarsals

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8
Q

where can you find flat bones

A

skull, sternum, pelvis

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9
Q

where can you find irregular bones

A

vertebrae

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10
Q

where can you find sutural bones

A

in certain flat bones

have multiple ossification sites - small ones get trapped

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11
Q

sesamoid bone

A

patella
takes pressure off of a joint to avoid rubbing against the bone
pushing it up gives more of a fulcrum action- adds strength
- most people have 5 in hand
- 2 big ones at metatarsal joint in big toe

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12
Q

how do you get turf toe

A

injury against sesamoid bones

- over extension of toe joint - stretch connective tissue at nobs and get swelling in there

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13
Q

flat bone

A
  • sandwich of spongy bone between compact bone layers
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14
Q

compact bone

A

densely oriented - haversian canals going through it

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15
Q

spongy bone

A

more open, honey comb look

  • trabeculae come together
  • find bone marrow here
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16
Q

long bone

A

ex: femur
- only see pattern at ends
- very little spongy bone in the middle
- medullary cavity eventually filled with red bone marrow
- at age ten you start to fill with yellow bone marrow (fat)
- now you only find blood at the ends of bone

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17
Q

2 pathways of ossification

A

intramembraneous

endochondral

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18
Q

mesenchyme differentiates directly into bone; occurs in flat bone formation
- first form spongy bone and then remodel to get the traditional look

A

intramembraneous ossification

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19
Q

mesenchyme first puts down hyaline cartilage model which is later ossified; majority of bone formation

  • ossifying network is aggressive (kill cartilage and replace it)
  • how tall you will be is determined by how fast you can replace cartilage with bone
  • long bone
A

endochondral ossification

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20
Q

mesenchymal cells associate into condensates in response to ______

A

bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)

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21
Q

when does intramembraneous ossification occur?

A

from 8th week of development to 2 years

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22
Q

intramembraneous ossification: cells differentiate into _____

A

osteoprogenitor cells

- give rise to cells that will make bone

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23
Q

intramembraneous ossification: what begins formation of bone matrix and what do these cells become?

A

activated transcription factors

become osteoblasts

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24
Q

osteoblasts near blood vessels secrete an increased amount of ____ and _____ forming the ossification site

A

type I collagen fibers and mucopolysaccharide

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25
Q

other osteoblasts align along the ossification site, secreting matrix until surrounded

A

osteocytes

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26
Q

action of ______ promotes mineralization of matrix by hydroxyapatite

A

alkaline phosphatase

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27
Q

does intramembraneous ossification have many sites of ossification?

A

yes

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28
Q

cells that get trapped in matrix exist in _____

A

lacunae

- you cannot take hard ecm to cel membrane of cell - would not be able to do diffusion

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29
Q

osteoblasts

A

form new bone

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30
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain existing form

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31
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone

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32
Q

ossification occurs in patterns of ___

A

spicules

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33
Q

spicules join in random loose ____

A

trabeculae

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34
Q

first bone you put down to heal a fracture

A 
woven bone (type of spongy bone - less osteocytes than normal spongy bone)
quick to put down - later will remodel to strengthen

lamellar bone - many layers

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35
Q

appositional growth

A

growth of bone by fusion of additional spicules

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36
Q

what does remodeling of bone result in?

A

cancellous and compact bone identical to that of the endochondral bone

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37
Q

the mesenchyme that covers the bone differentiates into fibroblasts and forms the ____

A

periosteum

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38
Q

forms in cavities of cancellous bone

A

marrow

39
Q

derived from hemopoeitic progenitor cells and breakdown bone

A

osteoclasts

40
Q

derived from osteoblasts line both the inner and outer surface of bone that is not being remodeled
- there incase an injury happens (reserve cells incase of a major fracture)

A

bone-lining cells

41
Q

connective tissue membrane exists between the flat bone of skull forming____

A

fontanelles

42
Q

fontanelles

A

soft spots

- cannot be born with true definite brain size

43
Q

anterior fontanelle

A
  • last to close
  • frontal fontanelle
  • closed completely by 2 yrs old
44
Q

where is posterior fontanelle?

A

occipital

45
Q

where is anterior lateral?

A

sphenoid

46
Q

where is posterior lateral fontanelle?

A

mastoid

47
Q

what can an infection do to fontanelles?

A

get bulging

48
Q

when does the hyaline cartilage model begin?

A

as early as 5 weeks

49
Q

endochondral ossification: mesenchymal cells are targeted by ___ and ____

A

BMP

fibroblast growth factors (FGF)

50
Q

endochondral ossification: transcription factors activated resulting in differentiation of cells into _____

A

chondroblasts

51
Q

endochondral ossification: what do chondroblasts secrete?

A

type II collagen and matrix

52
Q

endochondral ossification: interstitial growth

A

the cartilage matrix binds large amounts of water increasing the size/area
- mitosis of chondroblasts also increases growth internally

53
Q

endochondral ossification: appositional growth

A

connection to adjacent cartilage growth

54
Q

endochondral ossification: mesenchyme around the hyaline cartilage becomes the _____

A

perichondrium

55
Q

can you ossify matrix with type 2 collagen?

A

no - it is the wrong type of collagen so you need to replace it with bone, however you need cartilage first

56
Q

what is the ground substance for cartilage?

A

chondroitin sulfate

57
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

weakest out of all cartilages - least densely packed

58
Q

endochondral ossification begins between _____ and continues to adult years _____

A

7-11 weeks

18-20 years

59
Q

bone vs cartilage - which is vascular and avascular

A

bone - vascular

cartilage - avascular

60
Q

where is the primary ossification site?

A

diaphysis - shaft of the bone

61
Q

any site after a primary site is what?

A

secondary

62
Q

diaphysis

A

goes out from the middle

63
Q

epiphysis

A

secondary site starts here

goes to the middle

64
Q

endochondral ossification: mesenchymal cells remaining in perichondrium respond to ____ and differentiate into ____

A

BMP signals

osteoblasts

65
Q

osteoblasts set down a _____ around the _____

primary ossification site

A

bone collar

diaphysis

66
Q

underlying chondrocytes enlarge; cartilage matrix reabsorbed; what cells produce alkaline phosphatase?
- what occurs?

A

hypertrophic cells

mineralization

67
Q

hypertrophic cells die leaving a ____

A

cavity

68
Q

what happens to the cavity formed by dying hypertrophic cells?

A

blood vessel infiltration of the cavity

69
Q

calcified cartilage matrix is removed, _____ is set down, ______ is formed

A

osteoid matrix

medullary cavity

70
Q

epiphyseal plate: structure

A

at the top: active cartilage - lacuna hyaline cartilage
middle: attack is being made on the cartilage
bone collar comes up sides - cells starting to hypertrophy - stressed
matrix disappearing
big open cavities in white- cartilage dies so bone can take over
bottom: bone marrow with tribeculae - cancellous bone

71
Q

Application: Background On Signaling: why does the application of BMP in procedures like bone grafting and extraction socket healing may prove beneficial?

A
  • it is going to cause growth
  • adding growth factors and nutrients for it to heal quicker and more efficiently
  • stimulating fibroblasts, epithelial, faster bone growth
  • bone graft: better chance for it to take and be more stable
71
Q

Application: Background On Signaling: why does the application of BMP in procedures like bone grafting and extraction socket healing may prove beneficial?

A
  • it is going to cause growth
  • adding growth factors and nutrients for it to heal quicker and more efficiently
  • stimulating fibroblasts, epithelial, faster bone growth
  • bone graft: better chance for it to take and be more stable
72
Q

Application: Background On Signaling: why does the application of BMP in procedures like bone grafting and extraction socket healing may prove beneficial?

A
  • it is going to cause growth
  • adding growth factors and nutrients for it to heal quicker and more efficiently
  • stimulating fibroblasts, epithelial, faster bone growth
  • bone graft: better chance for it to take and be more stable
73
Q

bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)

A
  • belong to group of signaling molecules
    signaling cells not differentiated into bone producing cells
  • important in embryogenesis, development, adult homeostasis
74
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

extremely dense - no diffusion through it - need channels for blood supply to get in

75
Q

osteon

A

unit of bone

- has central canal that can be haversian canal also - bone is highly vascular

76
Q

concentric lamella

A

around haversian canal - do exchange through canaliculi and lacunae

77
Q

circumfrential lamella

A

large layers that completely wrap bone on outside

78
Q

interstitial lamella

A

remnants of remodeling bone

- change in osteon: some cells left outside concentric rings

79
Q

perforating vessels - Volkmann’s canal

A

blood supply linked between 2 osteons

- if damage you can still get nutrients through another - cross flow

80
Q

factors affecting bone growth (7)

A
  • sex hormones
  • growth hormones
  • calcitonin
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitriol (vitamin D3)
  • vitamin C
  • vitamin A
81
Q

sex hormones

A

stimulate bone formation (osteoblasts)

82
Q

growth hormones

A

stimulate chondroblasts

83
Q

calcitonin

A

inhibits osteoclasts

- increases excretion of calcium

84
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts

85
Q

calcitriol (vitamin D3)

A

steroid hormone that increases absorption of calcium in intestinal tract

86
Q

vitamin C

A

required for collagen synthesis

87
Q

vitamin A

A
  • in balance
  • norm levels stimulate osteoblasts
  • high levels stimulate osteoclasts
88
Q

what 2 factors that effect growth work in oppostion to eachother?

A

calcitonin and parathyroid

89
Q

decrease in mineral density

- precursor to osteoporosis

A

osteopenia

90
Q

bone density decreases to point of point of a fracture risk

A

osteoporosis

91
Q

measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) reported as T score

A

+1 to -1: normal based on 30yr old

  • 1 to -2.5: osteopenia
  • 2.5 and lower: osteoporosis
92
Q

application: hormone irregularities
- what id prior to puberty vs after puberty starting to see growth plates closing?
- what would be diff in appearance?

A

before puberty: tall people bc hitting all cartilage - giantism
after puberty: growth plates closed already - acromegaly

Anatomy and Physiology I (17 decks)

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