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Anatomy and Physiology I > Exam 4: Muscular System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of muscular system (4)

A

movement
support
protection
thermoregulation

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2
Q

components of muscular system (2)

A

skeletal muscle

tendons

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3
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

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4
Q

2 ways to classify muscle tissue

A

structure and function

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5
Q

2 ways to classify muscle tissue by structure

A

striated and smooth

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6
Q

striated muscle tissue types (3)

A

skeletal: attached to bone, multinucleated
visceral: identical to skeletal, but restricted to soft tissue
cardiac: heart muscle , one nucleus

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7
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

makes up majority of visceral organs

- always one nucleus

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8
Q

all tissue has contractile units in them, ______ gives them pattern

A

arrangement of cells

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9
Q

2 function types of muscle tissue

A

voluntary and involuntary

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10
Q

voluntary muscle tissue

A

skeletal

visceral striated

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11
Q

involuntary muscle tissue

A

smooth: cannot control blood vessel walls or digestive system or bladder (sphincters in bladder are visceral striated - voluntary)
cardiac

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12
Q

muscle fiber

A

individual cell

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13
Q

endomysium

A

wraps around each individual muscle cell

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14
Q

fassicle

A

bundle of muscle cells - protective connective tissue

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15
Q

perimysium

A

wraps around perimeter of muscle cells

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16
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue around entire functioning organ

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17
Q

why are tendons so strong, do not rip?

A
  • has endomysium, perimysium, epimysium throughout the ENTIRE organ
  • connective tissue throughout entire thing, wrapping all the way through it
  • have extensions from all cells
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18
Q

what stimulates transformation of mesenchymal cells into myoblasts

A

myogenic regulating factors (MRFs)

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19
Q

MRF4

A

blocks the ones that do final differentiation into type of muscle cell you will be
- keep getting lots of myoblasts

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20
Q

7th week embryology

A
  • starting to get endochondral bone formation
  • get condensation of myoblasts
    (cannot form bones until endochondral bone formation with perichondral - need dense bone tissue)
  • once start forming limbs myoblasts migrate to where arms and legs will be
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21
Q

myoblasts are spindle-shaped cells that fuse together forming…

A

multi-nucleated myotubes

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22
Q

initial myotubes formed by myoblasts migrating to….

A

connective tissue fibers

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23
Q

fusion of myoblasts stimulates the production of ____

A

myofibrils

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24
Q

what does initial migration and myotube formation provide for the muscle?

A

primary framework

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25
Q

what increases muscle size?

A

innervation of primary fibers causes small contractions which attracts more myoblasts and activated fusion which inc muscle

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26
Q

2 things needed to get a good muscle

A

innervation and a good blood supply

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27
Q

poland syndrome

A

occurs when there is a disruption in blood supply to embryonic tissue

  • results in missing or abnormal pectoralis major muscle
  • losing muscle
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28
Q

why would poland syndrome be unilateral?

A

can have blood supply to one side but it can also sill reach other side
- recognized at birth (congenital)
not genetic

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29
Q

why in Poland syndrome severe cases can you get incomplete formation of limb?

A

bad blood flow
bones are highly vascular
- not getting signal or blood supply can cause bone to be compromised

30
Q

myosatelite cells

A

quiescent

- when there is damage they are activated with growth factors, can help repair damage

31
Q

thick filament in sarcomere

A

myosin

32
Q

thin filament in sarcomere

A

actin

33
Q

Binding role of myosin

A
  • can bind 2 things but not at same time (actin and ATP)
  • when it binds ATP, it has enzymatic ability and can hydrolyze and release high energy bond allowing for movement (pivot of the head)
34
Q

2 ways myosin is stabilized

A
  1. titin

2. myomeseum

35
Q

one long molecule from z line through the filament to another z line
- anchors to both sides of sarcomere

A

titin

36
Q

protein down the center, secured at the M line

A

myomesium

37
Q

structure of actin

A

2 strings of actin twisted in helix around itself

38
Q

how is actin anchored to the Z line?

A

actinin

  • does not go through whole molecule, only attached at one end
  • hooks to Z line
39
Q

what is the anchor of actin?

A

nebulin - hooks to Z line

40
Q

how are actin and myosin regulated?

A

tropomyosin and troponin

41
Q

tropomyosin

A

blocks interaction of actin and myosin

42
Q

when muscle is relaxed what form is tropomyosin in?

A

blocking position

43
Q

what happens with tropomyosin when you want to contract a muscle?

A
  • need to get tropomyosin out of the way
  • conformational change in tropomyosin by release of Calcium
  • troponin binds Ca and changes shape
  • since troponin attached to tropomyosin shape is changes and tropomyosin slides out of the way
44
Q

A band

A

length of thick filament

- should not change with contraction bc thick filament dos not change in length

45
Q

I band

A

z line down center
thin filament not overlapped by thick
- bigger when not contracting

46
Q

what happens to H and I bands when muscle contracts

A

they get smaller bc they overlap

47
Q

H zone/band

A

down the center is the M line
on either side is myosin - not overlapped
if not contracting, less thick band has thin pulled over it

just see thick filament!!

48
Q

How do we get the sarcomere to contract? - a few steps

A
  1. get nerve impulse to muscle, depolarizing the membrane which releases internal store of calcium
  2. Ca binds troponin
  3. conformational changes in troponin moves tropomyosin out of blocking position
  4. myosin binding site exposed
49
Q

Cross bridge formation - may steps

A
  1. binding site available, myosin heads have ATP, it hydrolyzes ATP giving it a power stroke, the head comes up and gets closer, eventually get connection
  2. myosin heads bind to actin forming cross bridge
  3. myosin cross bridges rotate to center of sarcomere
  4. as myosin heads bind ATP, the cross bridges detach from actin
50
Q

cross bridge formation: once movement arc done, it will have inc affinity for ATP and release ____ is ATP available
it will bind ATP and the head will go back down and have a higher affinity for ____

A

myosin

actin

51
Q

are the heads on the filament synchronized?

A

NO

- if they were you would not get any movement

52
Q

the stringer the nerve impulse…

A

the longer Ca can remain, the longer sites are available for binding, tight contraction

53
Q

when you relax muscles, the signal stops and what happens to the Ca?

A

it goes back into storage

54
Q

where is Ca stored during muscle relaxation?

A

terminal cisternae

55
Q

when muscle is stimulated, action potential transmitted to sarcomere by_____

A

transverse tubule (T tubule)

56
Q

when calcium is released from terminal cisternae, what does it travel to to get to the sarcomere?

A

open-ended longitudinal tubules

57
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Ca storage

58
Q

Ca pumps in the membrane

A
  • released so much Ca it cannot pull it back in at once
  • when depolarization stops, pumps recapture Ca and put back into storage in terminal cisternae - active transport to restore Ca
59
Q

cardiac muscle vs. skeletal muscle

A
  • cardiac = branched
  • cardiac is stored in enlarged T-tubules (no triad formation)
  • Cardiac requires BOTH intracellular and extracellular sources
60
Q

triad

A

fusion of T-tubules

2 terminal cisternae and 1 t tubule

61
Q

is cardiac considered part of the muscle system?

A

no

62
Q

if high or low Ca in danger of…

A

heart attack

63
Q

cardiac has no individual innervation

A

troponin in heart binds bc of shape one less Ca than in skeletal muscle - can do blood test to see if heart attack - cells die and release contents into blood

64
Q

2 main diff between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A
  • how it stores/uses Ca

- troponin diff no innervation in cardiac

65
Q

smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle

A
  • intermediate filaments, vimentin and desmin, connect sarcomeres to dense bodies and desmosomes
  • troponin replaced with caldesmon (does not directly bind Ca)
  • Ca stored in caveoli (no other sarcoplasmic structures exist)
  • smooth contraction dependent on influx of extracellular Ca
65
Q

smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle

A
  • intermediate filaments, vimentin and desmin, connect sarcomeres to dense bodies and desmosomes
  • troponin replaced with caldesmon (does not directly bind Ca)
  • Ca stored in caveoli (no other sarcoplasmic structures exist)
  • smooth contraction dependent on influx of extracellular Ca
66
Q

vimentin and desmin

A

help connect to dense bodies
hold sarcomere together
- not z lines but similar

67
Q

What do calveoli do when depolarized in smooth muscle?

A

release calcium into cytoplasm
NOT directly into sarcomere
- second messenger system binds Ca

68
Q

How is caldesmon diff than troponin?

A

it is removed off tropomyosin by second messengers like calmodulin

69
Q

which muscle type is the influx of calcium bound by calmodulin?

A

smooth muscle

70
Q

what are the 2 actions of the calcium-calmodulin complex?

A
  • complex activated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and removes caldesmon from tropomyosin
  • MLCK activates ATPase activity in myosin head ad cross-bridge formation occurs
71
Q

which muscle type is the only one with individual innervation?

A

skeletal

Anatomy and Physiology I (17 decks)

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