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Anatomy and Physiology I > Exam 2: Macromolecules: Lipids > Flashcards

Exam 2: Macromolecules: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of lipids (6)

A
  • energy
  • storage
  • structure
  • insulation/protection
  • hormones
  • cell signaling
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2
Q

Structure of lipids (2)

A

fatty acids and sterols

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3
Q

fatty acids

A

long chain of hydrocarbons (hydrophobic) with a terminal carboxyl group

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4
Q

sterols

A

aromatic structures, derivatives of cholesterol

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5
Q

2 types of fatty acids

A

saturated and unsaturated

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6
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

all C-C single bonds

  • saturated with hydrogens
  • solid at room T
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7
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

contain one or more C=C double bond

- more fluid because kinked, it is harder to push them together

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8
Q

Do animals or plants have more saturated fats?

A

animals

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9
Q

In unsaturated fatty acids which form is more common, cis or trans?

A

cis

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10
Q

cis

A

2 hydrogens on the same side of the bond, get bend due to steric hindrance

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11
Q

Which is less common in nature, cis or trans, and why?

A

trans

- it is easier to remove hydrogens

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12
Q

trans fats

A
  • remove hydrogens to get double bonds

- most dietary trans fats are man made

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13
Q

Fatty acid nomenclature, what does it mean if 18:0

A

there are 18 carbons

there are 0 double bonds

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14
Q

Which type of fatty acids have an expanded nomenclature?

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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15
Q

Fatty acid nomenclature oleic acid: 18:1 delta9

A

18 carbons

1 double bond at position 9

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16
Q

where do you start counting for fatty acid nomenclature?

A

carboxyl group

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17
Q

what is a carboxyl group

A

COOH

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18
Q

Polunsaturated

A

many double bonds

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19
Q

arachidonic acid : nomenclature: 20:4 delta 5,8,11,14

A

20 C

4 double bonds at position 5,8,11,14

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20
Q

essential fats and an example

A

can not make them and need to get them from our diet

arachidonic acid

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21
Q

How does classifying by omega groups work?

A

it bases them on the location of the double bonds in relation to the terminal methyl group

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22
Q

What are omega 3 fatty acids used for?

A
  • development, to make membranes, neurological, immune response
  • helps regulate inflammation
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23
Q

Where can you get Omega 3s in your diet?

A

nuts and fish

- can get mercury from eating fish

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24
Q

What is and where are omega 6 fatty acids found?

A

it is in meat like chicken, soy, nuts

helps in clotting, platelet aggregation

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25
Q

What does the American diet give you in relation to omega 6 fatty acids and omega 3 fatty acids?

A

a 15:1 ratio, more omega 6 fatty acids

- this promotes inflammation and risk for clotting

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26
Q

Fatty acid modifications: Eicosanoids

A

group of hormones and signaling molecules produced by oxidation of fatty acids

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27
Q

What are the primary enzyme involved in eicosanoid synthesis?

A

cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX)

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28
Q

What do COX produce?

A

prostaglandins and thromboxanes (prostanoids)

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29
Q

What do LOX produce?

A

leukotrienes and lipoxins

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30
Q

Eicosanoid modification purpose

A

to change basic fatty acids to have a localized signal

  • immediate tissues/cells
  • inflammation/blood blotting right where it occurred
31
Q

leukotrienes

A

stimulate immune response

- pro-inflammatory activity

32
Q

lipotoxins

A

resolve inflammation

33
Q

COX

A

increases inflammation

34
Q

LOX

A

decreases/resolves inflammation

35
Q

The COX pathway results in molecules with what type of structure?

A

cyclic structure

36
Q

Prostanoids

A

locally active hormones/signals that are rapidly degraded

  • exhibit opposing functions that are kept in balance
    ex: some repel platelets off of the surface but then others are ready to send a signal to stick fast in the case of damage
37
Q

Prostanoid (a COX) functions:

A
  • inflammation mediation
  • cardiovascular homeostasis
  • reproductive function
38
Q

Do fatty acid monomers directly connect with eachother?

A

NO

39
Q

How are fatty acids connected?

A

need a linker molecule like glycerol, synthesis through dehydration rxn
- can get mono, di, and triglycerides

40
Q

functions of glycerides/acylglycerols (2)

A
  • energy storage
  • insulation/protection
    store in adipose tissue to have for protection
41
Q

What do phospholipids start out as?

A

diacylglycerol with a phosphate group covalently bonded to the third site of the glycerol molecule

42
Q

The presence of a phosphate changes the diacylglycerol to….

A

phosphatidic acid

43
Q

functions of phospholipids (3)

A
  • membrane structure
  • signaling
  • fatty acid reservoir for hormone production
44
Q

phosphatidic acid structure

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

45
Q

what does the composition of fatty acid chains determine about the membrane

A

the fluidity/rigidity

46
Q

increasing unsaturated fatty acids…..

A

increases fluidity

47
Q

Fluidity of the membrane and reactivity

A

more fluid = more reactive

more rigid = less reactive

48
Q

Modifications of phospholipids

A

phosphatidyl choline

phosphatidylinositol

49
Q

Phosphatidylcholine

A
  • component of HDLs
  • increases fluidity
  • yields fatty acids for signaling
50
Q

Phosphaidylinositol

A
  • high concentration in nerve cells
  • cell attachment/organization
  • signaling
51
Q

Uncontrolled diabetic and phosphatidylinositol

A

not enough of this

get numbness, pins and needles

52
Q

What are sterols

A

cholesterol and its derivatives

53
Q

Functions of sterols (4)

A
  • structural component of membranes
  • hormones (progesterone, testosterone)
  • bile salts
  • vitamins
54
Q

Sterol Nomenclature

A

ol ending due to presence of alcohol group

one or oid ending for derivatives

55
Q

Cholesterol and membranes

A
  • embeds in the hydrophobic region of the membrane

- stabilizes the transition state of membrane

56
Q

What happens if you increase cholesterol past the stabilizing transition state?

A
  • stabilizes solidity, make membranes with less fluid, when get imbalanced it shuts them down
57
Q

Organ transplants and steroids

A

given lots of steroids to have it imbed in membranes of the immune system to shut down the immune response

58
Q

All steroid hormone production begins with cholesterol entering the ______ and undergoing conversion to _______

A

mitochondria

pregnenolone

59
Q

What can pregnenolone be converted to?

A

mineralcorticoids (Na, K), glucocorticoids, estrogens and androgens

60
Q

insulin

A

brings blood sugar down

61
Q

glucocorticoids

A

bring blood sugar up

ex: cortisol

62
Q

Steroidogenic Pathway

A

production of steroids

everyone makes estrogen and testosterone

63
Q

If injured what may you go on to recover?

A

anabolic steroids
some gave pregnenolone which increases cortisol and androgens, but this is giving them the precursor for anabolic steroids

64
Q

Steroid hormone action

A

do not bind on membrane, diffuse into cell (it enters cell first to see if a receptor exists)
the hormone receptor complex goes into the nucleus and is a transcription factor (promotes transcription of certain proteins needed)
effects DNA transcription and how much product is put out

65
Q

Long term effects of steroid use in athletes

A

unusual cancers

compromised immune system

66
Q

If no receptor what happens to the anabolic steroid?

A

it sticks in the membrane and if there is too much it cannot be broken down
cell reactivity decreases

67
Q

What happens when there is a receptor for the steroid?

A

the complex becomes a transcription factor

68
Q

What happens when no receptor for steroid?

A

it can be broken down

69
Q

If excess steroid….

A

it can be stored in membrane , too much inc rigidity and dec cell reactivity
(how steroids are used to shut down immune system)

70
Q

The liver produces _____ to aid in the _____ in the small intestine

A

bile salts
emulsification of fat
- make larger fat into smaller pieces to increase SA

71
Q

what do bile acids interact with to form bile salts?

A

sodium

72
Q

Which fat soluble vitamins are based on cholesterol?

A

A,D,E,K

- essential vitamins, need to come from diet

73
Q

What vitamin can we make on our own?

A

vitamin D

Anatomy and Physiology I (17 decks)

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