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Anatomy and Physiology I > Exam 4: Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of the nervous system

A

coordination/regulation
interpretation - sensory info comes in and it interpreted to see if strong enough signal to warrant a response
immediate response, short lived
memory/learning - remember by repetition or a major event

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2
Q

4 components of the nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sensory organs

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3
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord - both do reflex action and conduction
- integration

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4
Q

PNS

A

tracts with info coming in and out
- sensory and motor pathways
somatic
autonomic - parasympathetic, sympathetic

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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary - skeletal, visceral, striated

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary
heart beat - BP
postural reflexes

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7
Q

2 types of cells in nervous tissue

A

neurons - conductive cells
- not the highest concentration of cells in nervous system

neuroglia (glial cells) - support cells
- myelinating cells, help recycle neurotransmitters back into neurons
- act as BBB
every neuron has many glial cells

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8
Q

dendrites

A

receive info

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9
Q

axon hillock

A

more dense

- sets threshold: need strong enough signal

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10
Q

neurofibrils

A

provide structural support for neuron

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11
Q

Nissl cells

A
  • little dots
  • produce proteins
  • in action when growing neurofibrils if you have to repair an axon
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12
Q

bipolar neurons

A
  • special senses
  • several diff inputs coming in but goes out as one signal
  • lots in retina - diff rods and cones
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13
Q

multipolar neurons

A

motor
interneurons - many dendrites, many axons
- many extensions

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14
Q

pseudounipolar neurons

A

sensory

many in touch receptors

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15
Q

nonconductive cells

A

support the conductive neurons

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16
Q

glial cells of CNS

A

more varied and are structurally different than in PNS
- will not regenerate even if neural body survives
(as a mature brain, a child’s brain could still grow)

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17
Q

glial cells in PNS

A

can regenerate if still part of damaged cell body

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18
Q

types of neuroglia in the PNS

A

satellite cells and schwann cells

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19
Q

types of neuroglia in CNS

A

ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

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20
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • only myelinates one region of the axon, that is it

- ions cannot go through the myelination but there are channels because you depolarize

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21
Q

saltatory conduction

A

“jumping” from node to node of ranvier

- when open channels Na rushes into the cell and goes node to node

22
Q

what diameter produces a quicker conduction

A

thicker diameter - multi lane highway

23
Q

satellite cells

A

helps control what gets into neuron
- may absorb certain nutrients or molecules from blood and direct to neuron
- make sure nutritional support
protect neuron

24
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • like schwann cells but handle things differently
  • myelinate axons but cell body not involved
  • can myelinate more than one axon at many points on an axon
  • more likely to scar over when damaged instead of encouraging growth
25
Q

Astrocytes

A

absorb nutrients, interact with blood vessels
- recycle neurotransmitters to original neuro to make more
(without astrocytes you would not be able to recycle)

26
Q

microglia

A

become the immune system of these cells

- if large infection permeability altered, but usually no macrophages or neutrophils in CNS

27
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • produce CSF - surrounded by ventricle in brain , central canal of spinal cord
  • CSF: lower sugar levels but proportional to what is in the bloodstream
28
Q

damage to PNS

A
  • macrophages come in to clean up infection
  • schwann cells not injured but no longer have axon, begin to proliferate and form a schwann tube
  • associate together - tunnel to original target location formed
  • secrete growth factors and direct reforming of axon back tp its target site
  • send STRONG signals to bring it back can take months
29
Q

if amputation - damage to PNS

A
  • schwann cells still form schwann tube trying to direct to foot (leg was amputated i this case)
  • they forma tangle since there is no foot to get to, keep sending signal (phantom pain)
  • try to bring person into therapy to train brain that there is no foot there
  • can get collateral nerve
30
Q

what are schwann cells designed to do

A

regenerate neurons

- CANNOT give you more but can help you regenerate them

31
Q

damage to CNS

A
  • portions of oligodendrocyte
  • takes long time to clean up bc you have microglia, not macrophages
  • does not put out growth factors, puts out inhibitory factors
    in a mature brain: enhances interaction btw certain neurons, inc how well they communicate, cannot grow new areas

in younger brains: more likely to regrow

32
Q

OMGO and NOGO

A

inhibitory

33
Q

MAG

A

can be stimulatory or inhibitory based on the receptor

34
Q

process by which the overlying ectoderm form the neural plate and then the neural tube
- begins in third week of development

A

neurulation

35
Q

two types of neural tube formation

A

primary and secondary

36
Q

primary neurulation

A

involves neurulation, forms majority of spinal cord to S2

  • thickening of midline at dorsal area - neural plate
  • after thickening you get neural crest and neural groove
  • eventually fuses together
  • area forming neural tube gives you spinal cord as you go anteriorly you get brain
37
Q

secondary neurulation

A

involves cavitation (hollowing out) of a solid mass of cells that fuses with primary neural tube forming region inferior to S2

38
Q

Homeobox (HOX) genes

A

crucial to determining cranial vs caudal differentiation

39
Q

activation of HOX genes

A

carried out by secretion of retinoic acid (RA) from the notochord mesodermal cells

40
Q

no RA =
low RA=
high RA =

A

no RA = no expression of HOX
low RA = high HOX -inc development of neural tube, get brain, formation of face and skull over the brain
high RA = slows HOX - stay just at spinal cord

41
Q

vitamin A and accutane

A

linked to craniofacial abnormalities

- this is increased RA which will slow HOX gene production - lacking differentiation

42
Q

tonus medullaris

A

end point of spinal cord

43
Q

what anchors the end f the spinal cord in secondary neurulation

A

phylum terminale (connective tissue) comes down and connects to sacral region

44
Q

cauda aquina

A

collection of extended spinal nerves

- supply innervation

45
Q

when they sample CSF why do they do a lumbar puncture

A

they do NOT run the risk of going in and hitting spinal cord since it is not there and the nerves are more centrally located

46
Q

neural tube defects

A

primary and secondary

BOTH have to do with neurulation - NONE cavitation

47
Q

what do primary neural tube defects result from

A

anterior opening failing to close

ex: anencephaly: exposes forebrain to amniotic fluid and degeneration occurs of the tissue

48
Q

what causes secondary neural tube defects

A

when inferior opening fails to close
spina bifida/dysraphism
- can get minor discoloration - looking at the darker myelination nerve endings
- open spina bifida: bulging out skin not completely forming, see meninges and part of spinal nerves bulging out
diff effects on daily life not survivability

49
Q

secondary neural tube defect worse case scenario

A 
craniorachisis:
- closure failure of entire neural tube 
- not survivable
- get extra proteins released into amniotic fluid, toxins if tissue is dying
- the mother will be ill 
- developmental issue not genetic 
folic acid helps prevent
50
Q

alpha fetal protein tests

A

detection of neural tube defects

- recommended for all pregnant women

51
Q

what can abnormally high alpha fetal protein results indicate?

A
  • multiple fetuses
  • a fetus more advanced in development
  • neural tube abnormality
52
Q

what has been shown to be protective against neural tube defects

A

folic acid

- folate is a coenzyme in many pathways - lack of folic acid can hit many places

Anatomy and Physiology I (17 decks)

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