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Anatomy and Physiology I > A &P Acid Base Exam 1 > Flashcards

A &P Acid Base Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

physiological pH

A

7.4

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2
Q

acidosis

A

when pH is below 7.35

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3
Q

alkalosis

A

when pH is above 7.45

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4
Q

buffer

A

stabilizes pH by keeping the acid/base ration consistent

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5
Q

if concentration fluctuations are counteracted in such a way that resulting ratio is log (1) what is the change

A

zero

- little to no change when ratio is one

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6
Q

What is in the extracellular buffering system

A

bicarbonate, plasma proteins, and phosphates

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7
Q

What is in the intracellular buffering system

A

cytoplasmic proteins, phosphates

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8
Q

how is the bicarbonate buffer system assessed clinically?

A

arterial blood gas test

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9
Q

What does hydrogen ion concentration depend on?

A

ratio of HCO3- and Pco2

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10
Q

what is HCO3- produced by

A

mainly by the RBC all the time, but when needed the kidneys can also produce some bicarbonate

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11
Q

RBC combines CO2 and HCO3- by

A

carbonic anhydrase intracellularly

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12
Q

normal range of bicarbonate

A

24-26 mEq/L

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13
Q

How does the kidney regulate bicarbonate?

A

reabsorption of bicarbonate, production of bicarbonate, and excretion of H+

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14
Q

Nearly all of the ____ in blood gets reabsorbed

A

bicarbonate

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15
Q

if it is too acidic the kidneys can produce HCO3- but can not buffer so they excrete it with…

A

ammonia

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16
Q

What does ammonium production from glutamine metabolism result in?

A
  • excretion of more H+

- production of HCO3-

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17
Q

Glutamate deamination yields…

A

alpha-ketoglutarate and ammonia

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18
Q

the ammonia can attract H+ and

A

get excreted in the form of ammonium

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19
Q

alpha-ketoglutarate can be further metabolized to yield…

A

CO2

krebs cycle

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20
Q

someone in acidosis will have what showing up in their urine?

A

increased ammonium

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21
Q

normal PCO2 levels

A

32-48 mmHg

22
Q

Examples of fixed acids

A

lactic acid and ketone bodies

23
Q

nonvolatile acids or metabolic acids are referred to as ____ and must be removed by the kidneys (not respiration)

A

fixed acids

24
Q

if you have a small fasting period like when you sleep you will have ketones in urine in the morning , but large amounts of ketones leads to …

A

an acidic situation

25
Q

a build up of fixed acids can be temporarily compensated by…

A

rapid removal of cO2

26
Q

increased Pco2 caused by decreased ventilation

compensation: cellular and renal

A

respiratory acidosis

27
Q

decrease in bicarbonate caused by either increased fixed acids or loss of bicarbonate
- compensation: cellular, renal, respiratory

A

metabolic acidosis

28
Q

decreased Pco2 caused by increased ventilation

compensation: cellular and renal

A

respiratory alkalosis

29
Q

decrease in fixed acids, increase in bicarbonate

compensation: cellular, renal, respiratory

A

metabolic alkalosis

30
Q

asthma, COPD, morbid obesity, airway obstruction, over-sedation, COVID-19

A

causes of respiratory acidosis

31
Q

increased PCO2, normal or increased HCO3-, increased K+, increased Na+, decreased Cl-

A

effects of respiratory acidosis

32
Q

immediate cellular compensation for respiratory acidosis

A

anti-port exchange of H+/K+ (very limited because K+ is already most concentrated inside the cell)

33
Q

prolonged compensation for respiratory acidosis

A

renal:

  • production of bicarbonate with ammonium excretion
  • anti-port exchange H+/Na+
  • increased excretion of Cl- (chloride shift to get bicarbonate)
34
Q

ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, toxin intake renal failure, diarrhea/GI disorder

A

causes of metabolic acidosis

35
Q

decreased Pco2, decreased HCO3-, inc/dec K+, inc Na+, dec Cl-

A

effects of metabolic acidosis

36
Q

immediate metabolic acidosis compensation

A

cellular: anti-port exchange H+/K+
respiratory: Kussmaul respirations

37
Q

prolonged metabolic acidosis compensation

A 
renal:
-increased excretion of fixed acid
- production of bicarb with ammonium excretion
- anti-port exchange H+/Na+
- increased excretion of Cl-
bone:
- increased release of alkaline compounds 
Ca2+ in urine
38
Q

Anion Gap equation

A

AG = [Na+] - ([Cl-] + [HCO3-])

39
Q

Normal AG

A

9-16 mEq/L

40
Q

what is anion gap used for?

A

metabolic acidosis determination

41
Q

ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, toxin intake, salicylate poisoning , advanced renal failure

A

metabolic acidosis with high AG

42
Q

diarrhea, other GI loss of bicarbonate, mild to moderate renal disease, dilutional

A

metabolic acidosis with normal AG

43
Q

immediate respiratory alkalosis compensation

A

cellular: antiport exchange H+/K+

44
Q

prolonged respiratory alkalosis compensation

A

renal:
- decreased production of ammonium
- decreased excretion of acids
- increased excretion of HCO3-

45
Q

hyperventilation

- pain, anxiety, sepsis, toxins

A

causes of respiratory alkalosis

46
Q

decreased pCO2, decreased HCO3-, slight K+ decrease

A

effects of respiratory alkalosis

47
Q

vomiting, diuretics, laxative abuse, renal filtration failure, mineralcorticoids

A

causes of metabolic alkalosis

48
Q

decreased H+, inc CO2, inc HCO3-, dec K+, inc Na+, inc Cl-

A

effects of metabolic alkalosis

49
Q

metabolic alkalosis compensation: cellular

A

anti-port exchange H+/K+

50
Q

metabolic alkalosis compensation: respiratory

A

decrease in rate and depth

51
Q

metabolic alkalosis compensation: renal

A

increased excretion of HCO3-

decreased excretion of acids

Anatomy and Physiology I (17 decks)

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