Exam 2: Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

Question 1

Functions of Nuclei Acids (4)

Answer 1

• genetic information
• direct protein synthesis
• energy
• neurotransmitters

Question 2

DNA monomer

3 components of the nucleotide

Answer 2

AMP

nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, phosphate group

Question 3

DNA vs RNA

Answer 3

• RNA easily turned over, DNA well conserved (stable)
  DNA: double stranded, double membrane bound structure lasts whole life
  RNA: most is single stranded, easily broken, less stable, goes into cytoplasm to be translated and torn apart
  only lasts a few minutes

Question 4

deoxyribose sugar

Answer 4

missing an OH

this gets rid of some reactivity making DNA stable

Question 5

condensation reaction

Answer 5

nucleotides bind so the 3’ OH group attaches to the 5’ phosphate of another
- only attach new monomers to the 3’ end

Question 6

B-DNA

Answer 6

most common

right-handed helix

Question 7

A-DNA

Answer 7

shorter, more dense , right handed helix

RNA-DNA complexes, some double stranded RNA regions

Question 8

Z-DNA

Answer 8

longer, stretched out
left handed helix
increased methylation
shut down transcription

Question 9

mRNA

Answer 9

coded message that directs peptide synthesis

Question 10

rRNA

Answer 10

stabilizes mRNA in the ribosome

Question 11

tRNA

Answer 11

transfers amino acids to ribosome for peptide construction

Question 12

hnRNA

Answer 12

heterogeneous nuclear RNA

• unedited mRNA, contains introns that must be removed
• in eukaryotic cells
• never leaves nucleus

Question 13

snRNA

Answer 13

small nuclear RNA
- forms complexes with proteins forming snRNPs, perform splicing of hnRNAs to produce mRNAs
- editing process, splicosome
message edited before it leaves the nucleus

Question 14

semiconservative replication

Answer 14

one strand original and one strand new

Question 15

Replication

Answer 15

• 1 template strand and a growing strand put in, one strand in Okazaki fragments
  helicase: opens strands up
  primase; puts RNA primer
  DNA polymerase 3: sticks complementary pieces of DNA in
  DNA polymerase 1: does correcting
  ligase: puts fragments together

Question 16

Transcription

Answer 16

RNA from DNA

Question 17

Translation

Answer 17

message bound to ribosome subunit then clip on large subunit
- brings in correct AA and sequence, slide it down to get to next tRNA
stop codon when done with message

Question 18

2 nucleic acid modifications

Answer 18

energy molecules and neurotransmitter

Question 19

energy molecules

Answer 19

contain high energy bonds
tension in bonds, negative charges do not want to be near eachother
ATP, GTP

Question 20

neurotransmitter

Answer 20

adenosine is the nucleoside without the phosphate group

Question 21

what is a nucleotide without a phosphate group

Answer 21

nucleoside