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Anatomy and Physiology I > A & P Exam 1 > Flashcards

A & P Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What can happen if you have a drastic change in pH?

A
  • nerve/muscle problems

- Ca, K, Na can have problems

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2
Q

processes at cellular level

A
  • signaling, transport, protection, absorption, connecting
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3
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • lines all surfaces
  • protection : stratified squamous
  • absorption: thicker
    - lots of vacuoles, smooth ER, mitochondria,
    cytoskeleton
  • in digestive tract - microvilli
  • some filtration (lungs)
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5
Q

connective tissue

A

mechanical role:

  • support, connection
  • metabolic support : bones have mineral storage
  • stores fat (adipose tissue)
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6
Q

what happens when Ca too low in connective tissue

A

reabsorb Ca from bones into the bloodstream

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7
Q

muscle tissue

A

contractility

- to move and stabilize

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8
Q

nervous tissue

A

regulation:

  • integrate, respond, communicate (cell signaling)
  • stabilize
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9
Q

type of tissue in epidermis of skin

A

epithelial tissue

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10
Q

type of tissue in the dermis and subcutaneous layers of skin

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

role of muscle tissue in skin

A

attaches to the hair follicles, goose bumps

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12
Q

role of nervous tissue in skin

A

has receptors sensitive to T, pain, pressure

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13
Q

what tissue types does the kidney have

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, and in some way muscle (for the blood vessels - but that is a stretch)

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14
Q

What do the kidneys do if they detect a decrease in O2

A

secrete a hormone that targets the bones to tell them to make more RBC

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15
Q

How does kidney get more salt

A

hormones tell kidney to absorb more salt which promotes water movement
- increase in salt = increase water = increase in BP

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16
Q

Integumentary system

A 
protection
thermoregulation
vitamin D production 
sensory input (touch)
insulation
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17
Q

Muscular system

A

movement, support

protection: abdominal region no bone to protect
thermoregulation: heat production by muscles

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18
Q

Skeletal system

A

protection, support
mineral storage (Ca): strong bones
- draw Ca out of bones if deficient, it is more important in the blood
blood cell production (RBC, WBC, platelets)

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19
Q

what happens if bone has more force exerted on it

A

increase in bone density to support muscle

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20
Q

Nervous system

A 
coordinates all other systems
coordination, regulation, immediate response
- fight or flight
- reversible (once you relax)
- memory and learning
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21
Q

Endocrine system

A

nerve control over most of this system

  • coordination, regulation
  • LONG term responses, IRREVERSIBLE
  • developmental control
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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system role in endocrine system

A

adrenaline or norepinephrine

- HR increases, BP increases - once you relax it goes down

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23
Q

endocrine system women

A

increased cardiovascular growth

estrogen can be a growth factor

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24
Q

endocrine system men

A

testosterone - more muscle growth
- denser bone, larger joints, broader chest
- can lose muscle mass, but joint will not shrink
some things reversible

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25
Q

cardiovascular system

A

circulation:

  • gas, nutrients, waste
  • fluid and pH homeostasis
  • electrolyte balance
  • thermoregulation - restrict so blood stays in core
  • blood clotting
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26
Q

Lymphatic system

A

secondary circulatory system

  • for immunity and defense it screens 10% of fluid to monitor
  • T cells will go attack abnormal cells
  • vaccines are to prep the immune system for infection
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27
Q

Respiratory system

A

gas exchange, homeostasis of pH, vocalization, CO2 used in buffering

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28
Q

Digestive system

A

processes/absorbs nutrients, waste removal

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29
Q

What organ is the digestive system partially dependent on and why?

A

Liver

  • liver clears out excess cholesterol (excretory)
  • liver has direct pathway to small intestine to send out secretions
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30
Q

Urinary system

A 
Kidneys:
- filtration of blood
- fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
- pH homeostasis
- waste removal 
kidneys can produce bicarbonate
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31
Q

Female reproductive system

A
  • hormone production
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • sexual intercourse
  • procreation
  • support developing embryo
  • lactation
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32
Q

Male reproductive system

A
  • hormone production
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • sexual intercourse
  • procreation
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33
Q

Putting it all together: Sickle Cell Anemia Example

A
  • 1 base pair altered: point mutation of glutamate (hydrophilic) to valine (hydrophobic)
  • active site now hydrophobic, hydrophobic interacts with hydrophobic
  • fibers form and stick together, sickled shaped cell
  • blocks blood vessels, decrease in oxygen supply, pain signals, cell and organ damage
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34
Q

How does sickle cell anemia effect connective tissue?

A

blood is connective tissue - blood vessels get blocked, and blood carries oxygen, hypoxia

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35
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining steady state, NOT equilibrium

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36
Q

example of homeostasis with decreased K levels

A

might get muscle cramps, twitches

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37
Q

example of homeostasis: increased K

A

start retaining water

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38
Q

Three basic components of a feedback loop

A

receptor, integration center, effector

39
Q

receptor

A

picks up change and takes it to integration center

40
Q

integration center

A

most commonly nervous system, this is where the response is determined

41
Q

effector

A

action taken by integration center

- may be one effect or many

42
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

most common
effector action works in opposition to stimulus
returns system to normal
STABILITY

43
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

effector action works to enhance stimulus action
Only removal of stimulus can return it to normal
ACCELERATES CHANGE

44
Q

Application: Temperature in Cold

Is it negative or positive, why?

A

negative

  • cold in the snow
  • shivering (thermoregulation) muscles make heat
  • constriction of blood vessels
  • keep less surface area (less ROM, stay close to body)
45
Q

Application: Blood Sugar after McDonalds

Is it negative or positive, why?

A

negative

  • blood sugar is too high, have to bring down
  • pee out sugar in urine
  • liver can take it out to store for energy
  • if full you might sit down
    integrator: beta cells in pancreas
46
Q

Application: Blood Clotting

Is it negative or positive, why?

A

positive

  • damaged tissue, as long as there is available tissue there will be clotting
  • rushing RBC, WBC, platelets to damaged site
  • as long as it is still damaged clotting cascade will continue
47
Q

Application: Child birth

It is negative or positive, why?

A

positive

  • need to enhance the stimulus of cramps until the baby is out, if not the baby would never come out
  • need the signals to stretch
48
Q

How can a fever be harmful?

A

if it is too high systems might not work properly

respiratory system shuts down

49
Q

How is a fever beneficial?

A

It increases body T which can make it inhospitable to bacteria (too hot for them)

50
Q

Is a fever a positive loop or negative?

A

positive, but with increased body temperature you start to sweat which brings T back down, so a little bit of a negative loop

51
Q

cells exist and function in what type of environment?

A

aqueous

52
Q

What is the body’s internal environment involved in?

A

the distribution of electrolytes and other solutes
maintaining pH
affects cell excitability (muscle, nervous), communication (neurons), and transport

53
Q

TBW in liter for males and females

A

males: 60% females: 50%

54
Q

How is water distributed in the body?

A 
muscles = 85%
fat = 15%
glycogen = 75%
55
Q

When you begin to lose weight where do you first lose it?

A

lose it around waist / liver because that is where glycogen is

56
Q

TBW Calculation

A

weight in lbs / 2.2 = weight in kg

weight in kg x 0.6 (men) or 0.5 (women)

57
Q

Why on average is there a difference between males and females in TBW?

A

women have more visceral mass and men have more muscle mass

- muscle holds 85% water and visceral only holds about 15%

58
Q

How is TBW effected by aging and dehydration risks in seniors?

A

As you age TBW decreases

lower TBW means you are not holding as much water in the body - dehydration risk

59
Q

How is TBW effected in someone ho is athletic vs sedentary?

A

someone who is athletic has a greater TBW bc they have more muscle

60
Q

In hot weather how does this effect athletic vs sedenetary people?

A

the sedentary person is at a greater risk because they have less TBW - dehydrated already

61
Q

What makes up the extracellular fluid?

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

62
Q

Where is 1/3 of the TBW located?

A

in the ECFV, the ICFV only has 2/3 TBW

63
Q

Is there more interstitial fluid or plasma in the ECFV?

A

interstitial fluid

64
Q

What causes fluid shift between the ECF and ICF?

A

osmotic changes (pressure)

65
Q

total solute concentration in a fluid compartment

A

osmolality

66
Q

ability of the combined solutes to generate an osmotic driving force causing water movement between compartments
- subsection of solutes causes water movement

A

tonicity

67
Q

Why does urea contribute to osmolality but not tonicity?

A

urea can freely move so it does not drive water movement since it can move itself

68
Q

higher water potential

lots of free water, less solute

A

hypotonic

69
Q

low water potential

less free water, more solute

A

hypertonic

70
Q

Clinically is ECFV or ICFV valued more and why?

A

ECFV because it has a more widespread effect than changes in ICFV

71
Q

What do receptors involved in regulation of internal aqueous environments monitor?

A

ECFV

72
Q

Clinically, ECFV is measured and calculated as…

A

serum osmolality

73
Q

Three main ECFV osmoles assessed clinically

A

sodium, glucose, urea

74
Q

confined to one compartment, affect tonicity and drive water movement

A

effective osmole

75
Q

what is an example of an effective osmole

A

sodium and glucose

76
Q

freely move between compartments

A

ineffective osmole

77
Q

what is an example of an ineffective osmole?

A

urea

78
Q

what is the main determinant of the ECFV?

A

sodium

79
Q

the three main receptor systems that work to maintain sodium balance

A
  • kidney juxtaglomerular cells
  • atrial stretch receptors
  • aortic and carotid receptors
80
Q

the start of filtration in the kidneys is the glomerulus
these cells are next to the glomerulus and surround capillary beds
- monitor BP, osmotic P, sodium in cell

A

kidney juxtaglomerular cells

81
Q

monitors P and fluid volume, in heart

A

atrial stretch receptors

82
Q

highest P from heart beating, monitor P

A

aortic and carotid receptors

83
Q

What happens when Na levels increase?

A

ECFV overload can result leading to edema

84
Q

Two cases of edema?

A
  • Na decreases and water remains the same

- Na normal and water is problem

85
Q

Two cases of dehydration?

A
  • Na normal but too low water volume

- if Na abnormally high and there is not enough water to bring it back down

86
Q

What happens when Na levels decrease?

A

ECFV depletion can lead to decreased pressure

- dehydrated and can not hold water in the blood

87
Q

Serum Osmolality Equation (OSM calc)

A

2 x [Na] + [glucose]/18 + [urea]/2.8

88
Q

calculated osmolality

A

uses only the 3 main osmoles

89
Q

measured osmolality

A

of all solutes in blood

90
Q

Normal range for serum osmolality

A

275-295 mOsm/L

91
Q

Osmolal gap

A

difference between the OSM calc and OSM meas

92
Q

Osmolal gap standard value

A

10 mOsm/L

- if greater it is abnormal and suggests presence of exogenous substance

93
Q

exogenous substance

A

something external, other than the big 3, it could be alcohol, excess ketones in diabetics, excess lactic acid after exercising

Anatomy and Physiology I (17 decks)

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