A & P Exam 1 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
What can happen if you have a drastic change in pH?
A
- nerve/muscle problems
- Ca, K, Na can have problems
2
Q
processes at cellular level
A
- signaling, transport, protection, absorption, connecting
3
Q
4 types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
4
Q
epithelial tissue
A
- lines all surfaces
- protection : stratified squamous
- absorption: thicker
- lots of vacuoles, smooth ER, mitochondria,
cytoskeleton - in digestive tract - microvilli
- some filtration (lungs)
5
Q
connective tissue
A
mechanical role:
- support, connection
- metabolic support : bones have mineral storage
- stores fat (adipose tissue)
6
Q
what happens when Ca too low in connective tissue
A
reabsorb Ca from bones into the bloodstream
7
Q
muscle tissue
A
contractility
- to move and stabilize
8
Q
nervous tissue
A
regulation:
- integrate, respond, communicate (cell signaling)
- stabilize
9
Q
type of tissue in epidermis of skin
A
epithelial tissue
10
Q
type of tissue in the dermis and subcutaneous layers of skin
A
connective tissue
11
Q
role of muscle tissue in skin
A
attaches to the hair follicles, goose bumps
12
Q
role of nervous tissue in skin
A
has receptors sensitive to T, pain, pressure
13
Q
what tissue types does the kidney have
A
epithelial, connective, nervous, and in some way muscle (for the blood vessels - but that is a stretch)
14
Q
What do the kidneys do if they detect a decrease in O2
A
secrete a hormone that targets the bones to tell them to make more RBC
15
Q
How does kidney get more salt
A
hormones tell kidney to absorb more salt which promotes water movement
- increase in salt = increase water = increase in BP
16
Q
Integumentary system
A
protection thermoregulation vitamin D production sensory input (touch) insulation
17
Q
Muscular system
A
movement, support
protection: abdominal region no bone to protect
thermoregulation: heat production by muscles
18
Q
Skeletal system
A
protection, support
mineral storage (Ca): strong bones
- draw Ca out of bones if deficient, it is more important in the blood
blood cell production (RBC, WBC, platelets)
19
Q
what happens if bone has more force exerted on it
A
increase in bone density to support muscle
20
Q
Nervous system
A
coordinates all other systems coordination, regulation, immediate response - fight or flight - reversible (once you relax) - memory and learning
21
Q
Endocrine system
A
nerve control over most of this system
- coordination, regulation
- LONG term responses, IRREVERSIBLE
- developmental control
22
Q
sympathetic nervous system role in endocrine system
A
adrenaline or norepinephrine
- HR increases, BP increases - once you relax it goes down
23
Q
endocrine system women
A
increased cardiovascular growth
estrogen can be a growth factor
24
Q
endocrine system men
A
testosterone - more muscle growth
- denser bone, larger joints, broader chest
- can lose muscle mass, but joint will not shrink
some things reversible
25
cardiovascular system
circulation:
- gas, nutrients, waste
- fluid and pH homeostasis
- electrolyte balance
- thermoregulation - restrict so blood stays in core
- blood clotting
26
Lymphatic system
secondary circulatory system
- for immunity and defense it screens 10% of fluid to monitor
- T cells will go attack abnormal cells
- vaccines are to prep the immune system for infection
27
Respiratory system
gas exchange, homeostasis of pH, vocalization, CO2 used in buffering
28
Digestive system
processes/absorbs nutrients, waste removal
29
What organ is the digestive system partially dependent on and why?
Liver
- liver clears out excess cholesterol (excretory)
- liver has direct pathway to small intestine to send out secretions
30
Urinary system
```
Kidneys:
- filtration of blood
- fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
- pH homeostasis
- waste removal
kidneys can produce bicarbonate
```
31
Female reproductive system
- hormone production
- secondary sex characteristics
- sexual intercourse
- procreation
- support developing embryo
- lactation
32
Male reproductive system
- hormone production
- secondary sex characteristics
- sexual intercourse
- procreation
33
Putting it all together: Sickle Cell Anemia Example
- 1 base pair altered: point mutation of glutamate (hydrophilic) to valine (hydrophobic)
- active site now hydrophobic, hydrophobic interacts with hydrophobic
- fibers form and stick together, sickled shaped cell
- blocks blood vessels, decrease in oxygen supply, pain signals, cell and organ damage
34
How does sickle cell anemia effect connective tissue?
blood is connective tissue - blood vessels get blocked, and blood carries oxygen, hypoxia
35
homeostasis
maintaining steady state, NOT equilibrium
36
example of homeostasis with decreased K levels
might get muscle cramps, twitches
37
example of homeostasis: increased K
start retaining water
38
Three basic components of a feedback loop
receptor, integration center, effector
39
receptor
picks up change and takes it to integration center
40
integration center
most commonly nervous system, this is where the response is determined
41
effector
action taken by integration center
| - may be one effect or many
42
Negative feedback loop
most common
effector action works in opposition to stimulus
returns system to normal
STABILITY
43
Positive feedback loop
effector action works to enhance stimulus action
Only removal of stimulus can return it to normal
ACCELERATES CHANGE
44
Application: Temperature in Cold
| Is it negative or positive, why?
negative
- cold in the snow
- shivering (thermoregulation) muscles make heat
- constriction of blood vessels
- keep less surface area (less ROM, stay close to body)
45
Application: Blood Sugar after McDonalds
| Is it negative or positive, why?
negative
- blood sugar is too high, have to bring down
- pee out sugar in urine
- liver can take it out to store for energy
- if full you might sit down
integrator: beta cells in pancreas
46
Application: Blood Clotting
| Is it negative or positive, why?
positive
- damaged tissue, as long as there is available tissue there will be clotting
- rushing RBC, WBC, platelets to damaged site
- as long as it is still damaged clotting cascade will continue
47
Application: Child birth
| It is negative or positive, why?
positive
- need to enhance the stimulus of cramps until the baby is out, if not the baby would never come out
- need the signals to stretch
48
How can a fever be harmful?
if it is too high systems might not work properly
| respiratory system shuts down
49
How is a fever beneficial?
It increases body T which can make it inhospitable to bacteria (too hot for them)
50
Is a fever a positive loop or negative?
positive, but with increased body temperature you start to sweat which brings T back down, so a little bit of a negative loop
51
cells exist and function in what type of environment?
aqueous
52
What is the body's internal environment involved in?
the distribution of electrolytes and other solutes
maintaining pH
affects cell excitability (muscle, nervous), communication (neurons), and transport
53
TBW in liter for males and females
males: 60% females: 50%
54
How is water distributed in the body?
```
muscles = 85%
fat = 15%
glycogen = 75%
```
55
When you begin to lose weight where do you first lose it?
lose it around waist / liver because that is where glycogen is
56
TBW Calculation
weight in lbs / 2.2 = weight in kg
| weight in kg x 0.6 (men) or 0.5 (women)
57
Why on average is there a difference between males and females in TBW?
women have more visceral mass and men have more muscle mass
| - muscle holds 85% water and visceral only holds about 15%
58
How is TBW effected by aging and dehydration risks in seniors?
As you age TBW decreases
| lower TBW means you are not holding as much water in the body - dehydration risk
59
How is TBW effected in someone ho is athletic vs sedentary?
someone who is athletic has a greater TBW bc they have more muscle
60
In hot weather how does this effect athletic vs sedenetary people?
the sedentary person is at a greater risk because they have less TBW - dehydrated already
61
What makes up the extracellular fluid?
plasma and interstitial fluid
62
Where is 1/3 of the TBW located?
in the ECFV, the ICFV only has 2/3 TBW
63
Is there more interstitial fluid or plasma in the ECFV?
interstitial fluid
64
What causes fluid shift between the ECF and ICF?
osmotic changes (pressure)
65
total solute concentration in a fluid compartment
osmolality
66
ability of the combined solutes to generate an osmotic driving force causing water movement between compartments
- subsection of solutes causes water movement
tonicity
67
Why does urea contribute to osmolality but not tonicity?
urea can freely move so it does not drive water movement since it can move itself
68
higher water potential
| lots of free water, less solute
hypotonic
69
low water potential
| less free water, more solute
hypertonic
70
Clinically is ECFV or ICFV valued more and why?
ECFV because it has a more widespread effect than changes in ICFV
71
What do receptors involved in regulation of internal aqueous environments monitor?
ECFV
72
Clinically, ECFV is measured and calculated as...
serum osmolality
73
Three main ECFV osmoles assessed clinically
sodium, glucose, urea
74
confined to one compartment, affect tonicity and drive water movement
effective osmole
75
what is an example of an effective osmole
sodium and glucose
76
freely move between compartments
ineffective osmole
77
what is an example of an ineffective osmole?
urea
78
what is the main determinant of the ECFV?
sodium
79
the three main receptor systems that work to maintain sodium balance
- kidney juxtaglomerular cells
- atrial stretch receptors
- aortic and carotid receptors
80
the start of filtration in the kidneys is the glomerulus
these cells are next to the glomerulus and surround capillary beds
- monitor BP, osmotic P, sodium in cell
kidney juxtaglomerular cells
81
monitors P and fluid volume, in heart
atrial stretch receptors
82
highest P from heart beating, monitor P
aortic and carotid receptors
83
What happens when Na levels increase?
ECFV overload can result leading to edema
84
Two cases of edema?
- Na decreases and water remains the same
| - Na normal and water is problem
85
Two cases of dehydration?
- Na normal but too low water volume
| - if Na abnormally high and there is not enough water to bring it back down
86
What happens when Na levels decrease?
ECFV depletion can lead to decreased pressure
| - dehydrated and can not hold water in the blood
87
Serum Osmolality Equation (OSM calc)
2 x [Na] + [glucose]/18 + [urea]/2.8
88
calculated osmolality
uses only the 3 main osmoles
89
measured osmolality
of all solutes in blood
90
Normal range for serum osmolality
275-295 mOsm/L
91
Osmolal gap
difference between the OSM calc and OSM meas
92
Osmolal gap standard value
10 mOsm/L
| - if greater it is abnormal and suggests presence of exogenous substance
93
exogenous substance
something external, other than the big 3, it could be alcohol, excess ketones in diabetics, excess lactic acid after exercising
