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Anatomy and Physiology I > Exam 4: Muscular System Pt. 2 Innervations and Contractions > Flashcards

Exam 4: Muscular System Pt. 2 Innervations and Contractions Flashcards

1
Q

one neuron may innervate _____ fiber/s

A

many

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2
Q

is every skeletal muscle individually innervated?

A

yes

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3
Q

all skeletal muscle is depolarized in response to _______

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

what muscle types use gap junctions instead of being individually innervated

A

cardiac and smooth

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5
Q

Raynaud’s syndrome

A

overreaction to cold
constriction of blood vessels to extreme degrees
- blockage of Ca would decrease vasoconstriction
- Ca channel blockers

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6
Q

Why do you think Ca blockers would effect heart, but not have an effect on skeletal muscle?

A

skeletal muscle relies on intracellular Ca

- the heart is all from external

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7
Q

why do Ca blockers not have same level of effect on digestive system even though you get digestive effects?

A

digestive system has smooth muscle - smooth is dependent on extracellular

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8
Q

why would it hit Ca channels in cardiac but not digestive if both smooth?

A

cardiac slightly diff than digestive

- Ca targets diff families

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9
Q

neuromuscular blocking agents - anesthesiology

what does it target?

A

acetylcholine receptors

resistant to acetylcholinesterase - muscles relaxes

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10
Q

do you think neuromuscular blocking agents can effect the diaphragm?

A

yes

- you can temporarily stop it - intubate them

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11
Q

what is a motor unit composed of?

A

one neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

  • only one type of fiber
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12
Q

as a stimulus increases are more or less units recruited?

A

more increasing tension

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13
Q

where can you find smaller motor units

A

in the hand because it requires precision

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14
Q

the number of motor units active at rest

A

muscle tone

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15
Q

muscles with higher degree of muscle tone respond ____ and use more ____ at rest

A

quickly

energy

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16
Q

why are warm ups beneficial?

A
  • result in heat production

- less prone to damage and have inc recruitment

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17
Q

3 types of muscle fibers

A

type I, type IIA, type II B

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18
Q

type I fibers

A
  • endurance fibers - slow oxidative - slow twitch
  • dependent on aerobic respiration
  • high myoglobin content: lots of stored O2
  • muscle fibers a darker red, wales have black bc underwater so long
  • many mitochondria
  • highly vascular
  • slow to fatigue: do not fatigue easily
  • slower contraction compared to others
  • small fibers
  • maintaining posture
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19
Q

Type II B

A
  • burst of strength- fast glycolytic fibers- fast twitch
  • fast contractions
  • anaerobic respiration: do not need as much O2, lower myoglobin
  • store lots of glycogen
  • not many mitochondria
  • not many capillaries compared to type I
  • large fibers
  • last to recruit but do so quickly
  • short intense movements - hitting baseball
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20
Q

Type II A

A

intermediate - you can train one way or another

  • mainly aerobic but larger store for anaerobic
  • high myoglobin: less than type I
  • red to pink color
  • sprinting, walking
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21
Q

Which type of muscle fiber predominates in pectoralis major muscle?

A

type II B - fast twitch

22
Q

which muscle fiber type predominates gastrocnemius

A

type I - endurance

23
Q

3 stages of a muscle twitch

A

latent, contraction, relaxation

24
Q

myogram

A

shows time vs force of contraction

25
Q

latent stage of muscle twitch

A

time tat stimulus is being communicated to sarcomere

- depolarization of membrane , releasing Ca

26
Q

contraction stage of muscle twitch

A
  • increase in tension, hen work is being done

- troponin can bind Ca

27
Q

relaxation of muscle twitch

A

recovery period for muscle cell

- put Ca back into storage - sarcomere back to original shape, relaxed

28
Q

increase in stimulus strength results in _____

A

increased tension

29
Q

what causes an increase in muscle tension?

A

recruitment of more motor units

30
Q

tension in lifting notebook vs heavy back pack

A

more tension in backpack

31
Q

Treppe

A

stimulus is applied immediately after relaxation
tension “steps up” with stimuli
gets bigger and bigger until max tension to handle frequency
- not the same at the beginning bc you are warming up - easier to recruit as you warm up
- max not as high bc allowing them to fully rest

32
Q

wave summation

A
  • higher frequency than treppe
  • stimulus applied before relaxation complete
  • tension increases, does not reach baseline until stimulus stopped
  • waves look piled on top of eachother
  • more recruitment of motor units since incomplete relaxation
33
Q

incomplete tetanus

A

wave summation nears max tension

  • still allows partial relaxation
  • it is the max you can get with wave summation
34
Q

tetanus

A

frequency of stimuli no longer allows for relaxation

  • max tension reached
  • NO relaxation
  • eventually hit fatigue
35
Q

stimulus frequency and tension types (4)

A

treppe, wave summation, incomplete tetanus, tetanus

36
Q

isometric muscle contractions

A
  • develops tension without changing length

ex: lifting something heavy and you cannot budge it - no change in muscle length

37
Q

isotonic muscle contraction (2 types)

A

concentric and eccentric

38
Q

isotonic concentric muscle contraction

A

tension development while shortening

39
Q

isotonic eccentric muscle contraction

A

tension development while lengthening

ex: slow curls in gym - slowly lowering the weigh - muscle gets longer and you feel tension increase

40
Q

when does muscle fatigue occur (3)

A
  • high energy demand is placed on muscles
  • dramatic variations in muscle recruitment
  • insufficient O2 - oxygen debt
41
Q

blood flow to muscles but the demand is higher than you reach with aerobic respiration - so you take on anaerobic respiration

A

oxygen debt

42
Q

results of muscle fatigue (3)

A
  • inc glycolysis - accumulation of lactic acid
  • acidosis in cell dec enzymes involved in ADP rephosphorylation
  • muscles do not preform as well
43
Q

organ to recover from the lactic acid build up - cori cycle

A

liver

44
Q

glycolysis dependent tissues

A 
skeletal muscle
blood cells
bone marrow
renal medulla
peripheral nerves
hypoxic tissues
45
Q

cori cycle, what does the liver do?

A

gluconeogenesis: takes it backwards which costs liver energy, it invests ATP to take lactate to make glucose - releases glucose to bloodstream so cells that need glucose can have it

cycle between cells producing lactic acid and liver clearing it out and providing sugar

46
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

breakdown/degeneration of skeletal muscle cell
- cell contents released into blood stream (potassium K)
life threatening due to effects on heart, kidney, liver

47
Q

3 ways to damage kidneys

A

direct toxicity - iron in myoglobin
obstruction of tube- myoglobin interacts with glycprotein in kidneys and precipitates out
vasoconstriction - due to inflammation

48
Q

hyperkalemia

A

too high K in blood

- throws off balance of ions - balance for nerves and muscles - can send someone into heart attack

49
Q

lactic acidosis

A

too acidic

- pH change, can get hypoxic

50
Q

uremia

A

wastes remaining in blood instead of being excreted in urine - kidney not filtering
- clogged - vasoconstriction - back up of toxic material

51
Q

Myoglobinuria

A

myoglobin in urine

ex: casts

52
Q

best diagnostic marker for Rhabdomyolysis

A

serum CK (CPK)

Anatomy and Physiology I (17 decks)

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