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2017 physiology > Exam 4 Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 4 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

_____ ___:Includes the heart, trachea, esophagus and thymus within the central mediastinum. Lungs fill the rest of the cavity (on the sides).

A

Thoracic cavity

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2
Q

______: Mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

_____: Ventilation and gas exchange between blood and lungs and between blood and tissues

A

External respiration

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4
Q

____ ______: Oxygen utilization by tissues to make ATP (cellular respiration)

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs

A

Occurs via diffusion down a concentration gradient. O2 concentration is higher in the lung therefore diffusing to the blood and CO2 concentration is higher in the blood therefore diffusion into the lungs.

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6
Q

Conducting zone function

A

Transport air to the lungs. Warms humidifies and cleans the air.

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7
Q

These are all part of the _____ _____:

The mouth/ nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles.

A

.Conducting zone includes

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8
Q

_____:

Moves mucus secreted up the respiratory zone and away from the lungs.

A

Cilia

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9
Q

_____: Includes the glottis, false vocal box and true vocal box.

part of the _____ ____

A

Larynx

conducting zone

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10
Q

____ ____: Voice proaction as air passes through

A

Vocal box

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11
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory zone

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12
Q

_____: Around 300 million air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Provide a great surface area increasing diffusion rate.

part of the _______ _____

A

Alveoli

respiratory zone

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13
Q

The ______ ____ includes: Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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14
Q

Type ? alveolar cell (Type ?pneumocyte): Most abundant cell type in the alveoli, 95−97% total surface area where gas exchange occurs.

part of the ______ ____

A

1

respiratory zone

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15
Q

Type __1 alveolar cell (Type __1 pneumocyte

part of the ______ _____

A

2

respiratory zone

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16
Q

_______: Complex lipoprotein (hydrophobic protein) and phospholipids that reduces surface tension pressure between water molecules by reducing the number of hydrogen bonds of water molecules inside the alveoli preventing alveoli from collapsing and improving lung compliance.

A

surfactant

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17
Q

_____ _____ ____: Exerted by fluid secreted on the alveoli. Raises the pressure of the alveolar air as it acts to collapse the alveolus.

A

Alveoli Surface Tension

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18
Q

?: Suffered by premature infants (born before 34 weeks of gestation) due to lack of surfactant.

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

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19
Q

?: Caused by septic shock, reduced lung compliance and reduced surfactant.

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in adults

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20
Q

_____: Is not treatable with surfactant

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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21
Q

____ ___: Lines the thoracic wall (outside)

A

Parietal pleura

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22
Q

____ _____: Covers the lungs (inside)

A

Visceral pleura

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23
Q

____ _____: Potential space between parietal and visceral pleural tissues. Contains a thin layer of fluid serving as lubricant.

A

Intrapleural space

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24
Q

______: Dome-shape skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. Contracts during Inspiration and relaxes during expiration.

A

Diaphragm

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25
Air moves from high/low to high/low
high to low
26
1 atm = ____ mmHg
760
27
Pressure of air outside the body= _ atm
1
28
Intrapulmonary or Intraalveolar pressure means
Pressure inside the lungs/alveoli
29
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure within the intrapleural space (between parietal and visceral pleura).
30
_____: Intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure allowing the air to move into the lungs down a pressure gradient.
Inspiration
31
_____: Intrapulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure allowing air to move out of the lungs down a pressure gradient.
Expiration
32
Transpulmonary pressure formula
Alveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure
33
Intrapleural pressure during inspiration Is higher/lower than intrapulmonary and the atmospheric pressure. Keeps the lung against the thoracic wall and allows the lung to to expand during inspiration.
lower
34
States that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. An increase in lung volume during inspiration decreases intrapulmonary pressure to subatmospheric levels. A decrease in lung volume during expiration increases intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric levels.
Boyle's Law
35
_____ ____: Lungs can expand when stretched. The ease with which the lungs expand under pressure. Reduced by factors that produce a resistance to distention such as the infiltration of connective tissue proteins in pulmonary fibrosis.
Lung compliance
36
Lung ______: Lungs return to initial size after being stretched (recoil) due to elastin fibers. Tension increases during inspiration and is reduced by elastic recoil during expiration
Elasticity
37
Law of Laplace
Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to radius of alveolus. Small alveoli would be at greater risk of collapse without surfactant. More surfactant is recreated in smaller alveoli.
38
Muscles involved in inspiration
Diaphragm and External Intercostal muscles
39
External intercostal muscles function:
Raises the rib cage during inspiration.
40
Internal intercostal muscles functin
Used during forced expiration
41
Abdominal Muscles breathing function
Used during forced expiration
42
_____: Volume of thoracic cavity (and lungs) increases vertically when diaphragm contracts (flattens) and laterally when parasternal and external intercostals raise the ribs.
Inspiration
43
_______:
Expiration
44
_____: Pulmonary Function Tests. Subject breathes into and out of a device that records volume and frequency of air movement on a spirogram. Measure volumes and capacities.
Spirometry
45
Amount of air expired or inspired in quiet breathing is called
Tidal volume
46
____ ____ ___: Amount of air expired or inspired in quiet breathing.
Expiratory reserve volume
47
_____ ____ ____: Amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
48
______ ___: Amount of air left in lungs after maximum expiration.
Residual volume
49
______ _____: Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation. (Inspiratory reserve volume +expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume)
Vital capacity
50
Vital capacity formula
inspiratory reserve volume +expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
51
___ ____ ____: Amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration
Total lung capacity
52
____ ____: Amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal expiration.
Inspiratory capacity
53
____ ____ ____: amount of gas left in lungs after a normal expiration. (residual volume+ expiratory reserve volume)
Functional residual capacity
54
Total minute volume formula
Tidal volume X breaths per minute (~ 6L/min)
55
?: Lung tissue is damaged. Vital capacity is reduced, but forced expiration is normal. (pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema)
Restrictive disorder
56
?: Lung tissue is normal. Vital capacity is normal, but forced expiration is reduced (asthma, bronchitis)
Obstructive disorder
57
?: | The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas in it.
Dalton's Law
58
Partial pressure The pressure of an individual gas; can be measured by multiplying the % of that gas by the total pressure. When lung gets into the lungs, water vapor is calculated as a partial pressure.
ye
59
Oxygen atmospheric partial pressure
21% (760 X 20% = 159mmHg.)
60
Nitrogen atmospheric partial pressure
78%
61
CO2 atmospheric partial pressure
1%
62
Partial pressure changes in ?after gas exchange reaching equilibrium.
the alveoli
63
?: The amount of gas that can dissolve in liquid depends on solubility, temperature and partial pressure.
Henry's Law
64
Measure of oxygen in the blood
Can only measured amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma and not oxygen bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells providing a good measurement of lung function.
65
Hemoglobin carrying oxygen molecules in red blood cells.
Oxyhemoglobin
66
Rate of pulmonary circulation vs systemic circulation =
Is equal, about 5.5L/min.
67
?: Constrict when alveolar partial pressure O2 is low and dilate when the partial pressure O2 is high.
Pulmonary arteries
68
Blood flow to the alveoli is increased/decreased when they are full of oxygen and Increased/decreased when not
increased decreased
69
Blood flow through the lung. Increased as you travel down the lung due to gravity.
Pulmonary Perfusion
70
Voluntary breathing is regulated by the
cerebral cortex
71
Ratio decreases going down the lung: Apex: V/P > 0.8 Mid: V/P=0.8 Base: V/P <0.8
Perfusion ratio
72
Involuntary breathing is regulated by the respiratory control centers of the _____ _____ and ___
medulla oblongata and pons
73
The diaphragm is innervated by the ?
cervical region of the spinal cord
74
?: | Located in medulla oblongata. Dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group.
Rhythmicity center
75
Apneustic center in the Pons does what?
promotes inspiration
76
Pneumotaxic center in the Pons does what?
Inhibits inspiration
77
?: Monitor pH of fluids in the brain, pH of the blood, CO2 and O2 concentration of the blood.
Chemo-receptors in the brain
78
?: Located in the Medulla. Sense the fall in pH due to the increase on CO2 producing an increase in ventilation. Responsible for 70−80% of increased ventilation. (slow response).
Central chemo-receptors
79
?: Located in carotid and aorta arteries. Aortic and carotid bodies respond to rise in H+ due to increased CO2. (Fast response).
Peripheral chemo-receptors
80
?: Sends feedback to medulla along vagus nerve.
Aortic body
81
?: Sends feedback to medulla along glossopharyngeal nerve
Carotid body
82
CO2 levels rise and pH falls breathing cause?
Hypercapnia / Hypoventilation
83
CO2 levels fall and pH rises breathing causes?
Hypocapnia / Hyperventilation
84
Receptors that stimulate coughing ?
Irritant receptors and Rapidly adapting receptors
85
?: Located in the wall of larynx; respond to | smoke, particulates
Irritant receptors
86
Rapidly adapting receptors are located in the ____ and respond to excess ___
lungs | fluid
87
?: Stimulated by pulmonary stretch receptors. Inhibits respiratory centers as inhalation proceeds. Makes sure you do not inhale too deeply.
Hering-Breuer reflex
88
?: 4 polypeptide globins (2 alpha and 2 beta chains) and 4 iron-containing hemes. Iron is in reduced form (Fe2+) and can bind with O2. Most of the oxygen in blood is bound to hemoglobin. Each hemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of O2.
Hemoglobin
89
?: Oxidized iron (Fe3+) can't bind to O2. Cause by some drugs.
Methemoglobin
90
?: Hemoglobin is bound with carbon monoxide; has a stronger bond with CO2 than with O2
Carboxyhemoglobin
91
_____ ____: Measures oxyhemoglobin saturation
Pulse oximeter
92
Anemia occurs when you fall ?
Below normal hemoglobin levels
93
Polycythemia occurs when you fall ?
Above-normal hemoglobin levels; may occur due to high altitudes as a body response due to low O2 levels
94
?: Made in the liver and stimulates hemoglobin/RBC production on bone marrow.
Erythropoietin
95
Loading is when hemoglobin binds/drops off of oxygen in the lungs
bins
96
Unloading is when oxyhemoglobin binds/drops off of oxygen in the lungs
drops off
97
Hemoglobin affinity to O2 increases/decreases at high temperatures and low pH favoring release of O2 to tissues
decreases
98
?: Produced by the RBC to obtain energy with anaerobic respiration/ metabolism of glucose. Produced more when a person is anemic or at high altitudes (low O2). Increases oxygen unloading.
2,3-DPG
99
?: Dissolved in plasma, as carbaminohemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions (accounts for the majority of transport).
Carbon dioxide transport
100
Carbonic anhydrase: Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between water and CO2 to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and then bicarbonate (HC3-) separating a H+ high Pco2.
ye
101
Reverse Chloride Shift in the Lungs/Chloride Shift: Once bicarbonate ion is formed in the RBC, it diffuses into the plasma. H+ in RBCs attach to hemoglobin and attract Cl−
ye
102
Reverse Chloride Shift in the Lungs/Chloride Shift: In low Pco2, carbonic anhydrase converts carbonic acid back to CO2 and H2O for Co2 exhalation in the lungs.
Reverse Chloride Shift in the Lungs
103
?: Bonding of H+ to hemoglobin lowers the affinity for | O2 and helps unloading. carry more carbon dioxideThis allows more H+ to bind, which helps the blood.
Bohr Effect
104
Normal values of the lung pH: CO2: HCO3:
pH=7.4 CO2= 40mmHg HCO3=24
105
?: When blood pH falls below 7.35
Acidosis
106
?: Caused by hypoventilation/ increased of CO2 which increases H+ production therefore lowering he pH.
Respiratory acidosis
107
?: Caused by aused by excessive production of acids or loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea)
Metabolic acidosis
108
?: When blood pH rises above 7.45
Alkalosis
109
?: Caused by hyperventilation; "blow off" of CO2 which decreases the H+ production therefore increasing the pH.
Respiratory alkalosis
110
?: Caused by inadequate production of acids or overproduction of bicarbonates, loss of digestive acids from vomiting
Metabolic alkalosis
111
Acid-base balance is generally controlled by _____
ventilation

2017 physiology (20 decks)

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