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2017 physiology > Exam 4 Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 4 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

_____ ___:Includes the heart, trachea, esophagus and thymus within the central mediastinum. Lungs fill the rest of the cavity (on the sides).

A

Thoracic cavity

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2
Q

______: Mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

_____: Ventilation and gas exchange between blood and lungs and between blood and tissues

A

External respiration

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4
Q

____ ______: Oxygen utilization by tissues to make ATP (cellular respiration)

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs

A

Occurs via diffusion down a concentration gradient. O2 concentration is higher in the lung therefore diffusing to the blood and CO2 concentration is higher in the blood therefore diffusion into the lungs.

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6
Q

Conducting zone function

A

Transport air to the lungs. Warms humidifies and cleans the air.

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7
Q

These are all part of the _____ _____:

The mouth/ nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles.

A

.Conducting zone includes

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8
Q

_____:

Moves mucus secreted up the respiratory zone and away from the lungs.

A

Cilia

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9
Q

_____: Includes the glottis, false vocal box and true vocal box.

part of the _____ ____

A

Larynx

conducting zone

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10
Q

____ ____: Voice proaction as air passes through

A

Vocal box

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11
Q

Site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory zone

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12
Q

_____: Around 300 million air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Provide a great surface area increasing diffusion rate.

part of the _______ _____

A

Alveoli

respiratory zone

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13
Q

The ______ ____ includes: Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli

A

respiratory zone

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14
Q

Type ? alveolar cell (Type ?pneumocyte): Most abundant cell type in the alveoli, 95−97% total surface area where gas exchange occurs.

part of the ______ ____

A

1

respiratory zone

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15
Q

Type __1 alveolar cell (Type __1 pneumocyte

part of the ______ _____

A

2

respiratory zone

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16
Q

_______: Complex lipoprotein (hydrophobic protein) and phospholipids that reduces surface tension pressure between water molecules by reducing the number of hydrogen bonds of water molecules inside the alveoli preventing alveoli from collapsing and improving lung compliance.

A

surfactant

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17
Q

_____ _____ ____: Exerted by fluid secreted on the alveoli. Raises the pressure of the alveolar air as it acts to collapse the alveolus.

A

Alveoli Surface Tension

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18
Q

?: Suffered by premature infants (born before 34 weeks of gestation) due to lack of surfactant.

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

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19
Q

?: Caused by septic shock, reduced lung compliance and reduced surfactant.

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in adults

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20
Q

_____: Is not treatable with surfactant

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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21
Q

____ ___: Lines the thoracic wall (outside)

A

Parietal pleura

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22
Q

____ _____: Covers the lungs (inside)

A

Visceral pleura

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23
Q

____ _____: Potential space between parietal and visceral pleural tissues. Contains a thin layer of fluid serving as lubricant.

A

Intrapleural space

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24
Q

______: Dome-shape skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. Contracts during Inspiration and relaxes during expiration.

A

Diaphragm

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25
Q

Air moves from high/low to high/low

A

high to low

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26
Q

1 atm = ____ mmHg

A

760

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27
Q

Pressure of air outside the body= _ atm

A

1

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28
Q

Intrapulmonary or Intraalveolar pressure means

A

Pressure inside the lungs/alveoli

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29
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within the intrapleural space (between parietal and visceral pleura).

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30
Q

_____: Intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure allowing the air to move into the lungs down a pressure gradient.

A

Inspiration

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31
Q

_____: Intrapulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure allowing air to move out of the lungs down a pressure gradient.

A

Expiration

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32
Q

Transpulmonary pressure formula

A

Alveolar pressure - Intrapleural pressure

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33
Q

Intrapleural pressure during inspiration Is higher/lower than intrapulmonary and the atmospheric pressure. Keeps the lung against the thoracic wall and allows the lung to to expand during inspiration.

A

lower

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34
Q

States that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. An increase in lung volume during inspiration decreases intrapulmonary pressure to subatmospheric levels. A decrease in lung volume during expiration increases intrapulmonary pressure above
atmospheric levels.

A

Boyle’s Law

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35
Q

_____ ____: Lungs can expand when stretched. The ease with which the lungs expand under pressure. Reduced by factors that produce a resistance to distention such as the infiltration of connective tissue proteins in pulmonary fibrosis.

A

Lung compliance

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36
Q

Lung ______: Lungs return to initial size after being stretched (recoil) due to elastin fibers. Tension increases during inspiration and is reduced by elastic recoil during expiration

A

Elasticity

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37
Q

Law of Laplace

A

Pressure is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to radius of alveolus. Small alveoli would be at greater risk of collapse without surfactant. More surfactant is recreated in smaller alveoli.

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38
Q

Muscles involved in inspiration

A

Diaphragm and External Intercostal muscles

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39
Q

External intercostal muscles function:

A

Raises the rib cage during inspiration.

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40
Q

Internal intercostal muscles functin

A

Used during forced expiration

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41
Q

Abdominal Muscles breathing function

A

Used during forced expiration

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42
Q

_____: Volume of thoracic cavity (and lungs) increases vertically when diaphragm contracts (flattens) and laterally when parasternal and external intercostals raise the ribs.

A

Inspiration

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43
Q

_______:

A

Expiration

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44
Q

_____: Pulmonary Function Tests. Subject breathes into and out of a device that records volume and frequency of air movement on a spirogram. Measure volumes and capacities.

A

Spirometry

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45
Q

Amount of air expired or inspired in quiet breathing is called

A

Tidal volume

46
Q

____ ____ ___: Amount of air expired or inspired in quiet breathing.

A

Expiratory reserve volume

47
Q

_____ ____ ____: Amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

48
Q

______ ___: Amount of air left in lungs after maximum expiration.

A

Residual volume

49
Q

______ _____: Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
(Inspiratory reserve volume +expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume)

A

Vital capacity

50
Q

Vital capacity formula

A

inspiratory reserve volume +expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

51
Q

___ ____ ____: Amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

A

Total lung capacity

52
Q

____ ____: Amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal expiration.

A

Inspiratory capacity

53
Q

____ ____ ____: amount of gas left in lungs after a normal expiration.
(residual volume+ expiratory reserve volume)

A

Functional residual capacity

54
Q

Total minute volume formula

A

Tidal volume X breaths per minute (~ 6L/min)

55
Q

?: Lung tissue is damaged. Vital capacity is reduced, but forced expiration is normal. (pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema)

A

Restrictive disorder

56
Q

?: Lung tissue is normal. Vital capacity is normal, but forced expiration is reduced (asthma, bronchitis)

A

Obstructive disorder

57
Q

?:

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas in it.

A

Dalton’s Law

58
Q

Partial pressure
The pressure of an individual gas; can be measured by multiplying the % of that gas by the total pressure. When lung gets into the lungs, water vapor is calculated as a partial pressure.

A

ye

59
Q

Oxygen atmospheric partial pressure

A

21% (760 X 20% = 159mmHg.)

60
Q

Nitrogen atmospheric partial pressure

A

78%

61
Q

CO2 atmospheric partial pressure

A

1%

62
Q

Partial pressure changes in ?after gas exchange reaching equilibrium.

A

the alveoli

63
Q

?: The amount of gas that can dissolve in liquid depends on solubility, temperature and partial pressure.

A

Henry’s Law

64
Q

Measure of oxygen in the blood

A

Can only measured amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma and not oxygen bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells providing a good measurement of lung function.

65
Q

Hemoglobin carrying oxygen molecules in red blood cells.

A

Oxyhemoglobin

66
Q

Rate of pulmonary circulation vs systemic circulation =

A

Is equal, about 5.5L/min.

67
Q

?: Constrict when alveolar partial pressure O2 is low and dilate when the partial pressure O2 is high.

A

Pulmonary arteries

68
Q

Blood flow to the alveoli is increased/decreased when they are full of oxygen and Increased/decreased when not

A

increased

decreased

69
Q

Blood flow through the lung. Increased as you travel down the lung due to gravity.

A

Pulmonary Perfusion

70
Q

Voluntary breathing is regulated by the

A

cerebral cortex

71
Q

Ratio decreases going down the lung:
Apex: V/P > 0.8
Mid: V/P=0.8
Base: V/P <0.8

A

Perfusion ratio

72
Q

Involuntary breathing is regulated by the respiratory control centers of the _____ _____ and ___

A

medulla oblongata and pons

73
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by the ?

A

cervical region of the spinal cord

74
Q

?:

Located in medulla oblongata. Dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group.

A

Rhythmicity center

75
Q

Apneustic center in the Pons does what?

A

promotes inspiration

76
Q

Pneumotaxic center in the Pons does what?

A

Inhibits inspiration

77
Q

?: Monitor pH of fluids in the brain, pH of the blood, CO2 and O2 concentration of the blood.

A

Chemo-receptors in the brain

78
Q

?: Located in the Medulla. Sense the fall in pH due to the increase on CO2 producing an increase in ventilation. Responsible for 70−80% of increased ventilation. (slow response).

A

Central chemo-receptors

79
Q

?: Located in carotid and aorta arteries. Aortic and carotid bodies respond to rise in H+ due to increased CO2. (Fast response).

A

Peripheral chemo-receptors

80
Q

?: Sends feedback to medulla along vagus nerve.

A

Aortic body

81
Q

?: Sends feedback to medulla along glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Carotid body

82
Q

CO2 levels rise and pH falls breathing cause?

A

Hypercapnia / Hypoventilation

83
Q

CO2 levels fall and pH rises breathing causes?

A

Hypocapnia / Hyperventilation

84
Q

Receptors that stimulate coughing ?

A

Irritant receptors and Rapidly adapting receptors

85
Q

?: Located in the wall of larynx; respond to

smoke, particulates

A

Irritant receptors

86
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors are located in the ____ and respond to excess ___

A

lungs

fluid

87
Q

?: Stimulated by pulmonary stretch receptors. Inhibits respiratory centers as inhalation proceeds. Makes sure you do not inhale too deeply.

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

88
Q

?: 4 polypeptide globins (2 alpha and 2 beta
chains) and 4 iron-containing hemes. Iron is in reduced form (Fe2+) and can bind with O2. Most of the oxygen in blood is bound to hemoglobin. Each hemoglobin can carry 4 molecules of O2.

A

Hemoglobin

89
Q

?: Oxidized iron (Fe3+) can’t bind to O2. Cause by some drugs.

A

Methemoglobin

90
Q

?: Hemoglobin is bound with carbon monoxide; has a stronger bond with CO2 than with O2

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

91
Q

_____ ____: Measures oxyhemoglobin saturation

A

Pulse oximeter

92
Q

Anemia occurs when you fall ?

A

Below normal hemoglobin levels

93
Q

Polycythemia occurs when you fall ?

A

Above-normal hemoglobin levels; may occur due to high altitudes as a body response due to low O2 levels

94
Q

?: Made in the liver and stimulates hemoglobin/RBC production on bone marrow.

A

Erythropoietin

95
Q

Loading is when hemoglobin binds/drops off of oxygen in the lungs

A

bins

96
Q

Unloading is when oxyhemoglobin binds/drops off of oxygen in the lungs

A

drops off

97
Q

Hemoglobin affinity to O2 increases/decreases at high temperatures and low pH favoring release of O2 to tissues

A

decreases

98
Q

?: Produced by the RBC to obtain energy with anaerobic respiration/ metabolism of glucose. Produced more when a person is anemic or at high altitudes (low O2). Increases oxygen unloading.

A

2,3-DPG

99
Q

?: Dissolved in plasma, as carbaminohemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions (accounts for the majority of transport).

A

Carbon dioxide transport

100
Q

Carbonic anhydrase: Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between water and CO2 to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and then bicarbonate (HC3-) separating a H+ high Pco2.

A

ye

101
Q

Reverse Chloride Shift in the Lungs/Chloride Shift:

Once bicarbonate ion is formed in the RBC, it diffuses into the plasma. H+ in RBCs attach to hemoglobin and attract Cl−

A

ye

102
Q

Reverse Chloride Shift in the Lungs/Chloride Shift:

In low Pco2, carbonic anhydrase converts carbonic acid back to CO2 and H2O for Co2 exhalation in the lungs.

A

Reverse Chloride Shift in the Lungs

103
Q

?: Bonding of H+ to hemoglobin lowers the affinity for

O2 and helps unloading. carry more carbon dioxideThis allows more H+ to bind, which helps the blood.

A

Bohr Effect

104
Q

Normal values of the lung

pH:
CO2:
HCO3:

A

pH=7.4
CO2= 40mmHg
HCO3=24

105
Q

?: When blood pH falls below 7.35

A

Acidosis

106
Q

?: Caused by hypoventilation/ increased of CO2 which increases H+ production therefore lowering he pH.

A

Respiratory acidosis

107
Q

?: Caused by aused by excessive production of acids or loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea)

A

Metabolic acidosis

108
Q

?: When blood pH rises above 7.45

A

Alkalosis

109
Q

?: Caused by hyperventilation; “blow off” of CO2 which decreases the H+ production therefore increasing the pH.

A

Respiratory alkalosis

110
Q

?: Caused by inadequate production of acids or overproduction of bicarbonates, loss of digestive acids from vomiting

A

Metabolic alkalosis

111
Q

Acid-base balance is generally controlled by _____

A

ventilation

2017 physiology (20 decks)

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