Exam 4 Immune system Flashcards by Cole Ryan

Q

_______: Study of the physiological defenses by which the body recognizes itself from nonself (foreign matter)

A

Immunology

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Q

The 3 immune functions include:

PID

A

Protect against infection by microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites)
Isolate/remove non-microbial foreign substances
Destroy cancer cells that arise in the body (immune surveillance)

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Q

_____: non specific immune system

______: specific immune system

A

Innate

Adaptive

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Q

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
*cells of immune system
Includes: 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

A

Leukocytes

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Q

Leukocytes are larger/smaller than Erythrocytes

A

larger

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Q

Leukocytes originate from _____ which is a multi potent stem cell in the bone marrow

A

HSC (Hematopoietic Stem Cell)

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Q

_____ immunity:

Body surface defenses
Inflammation
complement system
Phagocytosis (Phagocytes)
Neutrophils
monocytes/Macrophages
organ specific phagoctes
liver
spleen

A

Innate

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Q

How does innate system distinguish between “self” and pathogens?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

PRR
toll like receptors (TLR)

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Q

Inflammation is part of the _____ immune system

A

innate

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Q

______ ____:provided by such mechanisms as phagocytosis, fever, and the release of interferones

A

nonspecific immune

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Q

_____ _______:

involves the functions of lymphocytes; is directed at specific molecules or parts of molecules known as antigens

A

specific immunity

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Q

_____:external; nonspecific; physical barrier to penetration by pathogens; secretions contain lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)

A

Skin

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Q

Lysozyme:

A

Secretion from skin that destroys bacteria

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Q

digestive tract immunity:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

external; nonspecific; high acidity of stomach’s protection by normal bacterial population of colon

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Q

Respiratory Tract immunity:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

external; nonspecific; secretion of mucous; movement of cilia; alveolar macrophages

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Q

genitourinary tract Immunity:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

external; nonspecific; acidity of urine; vaginal lactic acid

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Q

Phagocytic cells:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

internal; nonspecific; ingest and destroy bacteria; cellular debris, denatured proteins and toxins

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Q

interferones:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

internal; nonspecific; inhibit replication of viruses

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Q

complement proteins:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

internal; nonspecific; promote destruction of bacteria; enhance inflammatory response

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Q

endogenous pyrogen:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

internal; nonspecific; secreted by leukocytes and other cells; produce fever

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Q

natural killer cells:

Nonspecific/Specific
Internal/External

A

internal; nonspecific; destroy cells infected with viruses, tumor cells, and mismatched transplanted tissue cells

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Q

pathogen-associated molecular pattern is part of the ____ immune system

A

innate

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Q

pathogen recognition receptors:

A

recognize PAMPS

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Q

_____ ____:helps integrate innate and adaptive immune responses; consists of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that become activated when antibodies bond to antigens

A

Complement System

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Complement System

_____ ____:helps integrate innate and adaptive immune responses; consists of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that become activated when antibodies bond to antigens

extravasion

when new neutrophils and monocytes are able to squeeze through the tiny gaps between adjacent endothelial cells in the vessel and enter the connective tissue

_____: when new neutrophils and monocytes are able to squeeze through the tiny gaps between adjacent endothelial cells in the vessel and enter the connective tissue

extravasion

antigens

molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies and combine specifically with the antibodies produced

_____: molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies and combine specifically with the antibodies produced

antigens

antigenic determinant sites

also called epitopes; which are the areas of the molecule that stimulate production of and combine with different antibodies

_____ ______ __:also called epitopes; which are the areas of the molecule that stimulate production of and combine with different antibodies

antigenic determinant sites

both B and T lymphocytes function in what

specific immunity

the innate immune system distinguishes between the bodies own tissue cells and invading pathogens by recognizing molecules termed what:

pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPS)

____ _ ______:combat bacterial infections as well as some viral infections by secreting antibodies into the blood and lymph

type b lymphocytes

______: a molecule that produces many of the many symptoms of allergies; binds to its H2 histamine receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchioles to stimulate bronchiolar constriction, but produces relaxation of smooth muscle in the blood vessles

histamine

Histamines are related to:

allergies

_______ _ ____: affect cell-mediated destruction of specific victim cells and helper and suppressor t cells play supporting roles

Killer T Cells

_____: preferentially infects and destroy helper T cells, particularly those in the G.I. mucosa where up to 30% of helper T cells reside; the result is decreased immunological function and greater susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancer

humane immunodeficiency virus | HIV

secondary response

much more rapid than primary; max antibody concentrations in the blood are reached in less than 2 hours and are maintained for longer than primary

refers to the immune protect that can be produced by the transfer of antibodies to a recipient from a human or animal donor

passive immunity

immunological competence:

the ability to mount a specific immune response; does not develop until about a month after birth

macrophages

innate, internal defenses; derived from monocytes

innate, internal defenses; derived from monocytes

macrophages

neutrophils

innate, internal defenses; ingest pathogens

innate, internal defenses; ingest pathogens

neutrophils

_____: innate, internal defenses; weakly phagocytic of pathogens; attack parasites

eosinohpils

_____ ____:innate, internal defenses; phagocytic of various bacteria

mast cells

_______: part of phagocytic mechanism; cells bind to invader, aided by opsonization

adherence

_____: part of phagocytic mechanism; formation of phagolyosomes

ingestion

_____ ____: merge phagosomes with lysosomes and flood phagolysosome with free radicals (macrophages)

Respiratory bursts

defensins

proteins that crystallize out of solution and pierce pathogen membranes (neutrophils)

phagocyte mobilization: | infiltration of damaged area by neutrophils and macrophages

ye

_____ _____: infiltration of damaged area by neutrophils and macrophages

phagocyte mobilization

_____: inducing factors released by injured cells promote rapid release of WBCs from marrow

leukocytosis

______: increased vascular permeability causes decreased fluid in vessels; blood flow slows and neutrophils are able to move to vessel margins; here endothelial markers allow neutrophils to cling to vessel walls

margination

______: neutrophils migrate through capillary walls

diapedesis

______: inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to move up the chemical concentration gradient

chemotaxis

_____ ________: viruses release nucleic acid into the cytoplasm; the information on the nucleic acid is incorporated into the cells' DNA; normal cellular mechanisms then produce viral structural components; multiple new viral particles are produced and released from the cell

viral replication

specificity in immunity:

directed at specific targets

Systemic immunity refers to when:

not restricted to initial site of infection/invasion

Memory immunity refers to

after initial exposure and activation, a more rapid and more vigorous response is made to subsequent exposures to pathogens

cell-mediated immunity

adaptive defense; lymphocytes directly attack specific invaders by lysis or indirect attack by initiating inflammation and/or activating other lymphocytes and macrophages

_____ _____ ____: adaptive defense; lymphocytes directly attack specific invaders by lysis or indirect attack by initiating inflammation and/or activating other lymphocytes and macrophages

cell-mediated immunity

_____: adaptive immune system; sorted in the thymus; attack host cells that have become infected with a virus or fungus, transplanted human cells, and cancer cells; do not produce antibodies; they must be in close proximity to the victim cell in order to destroy it, manage immune response

t cells

____: the most abundant circulating Ig; the dominant circulating Ig of the primary and secondary response; crosses the placenta

IgG

____: | the Ig of secretions; helps prevent antigen penetration of membranes

IgA

____: the Ig of B-cell activation; found on B-cell surface

IgD

____: occurs on the B-cell surface; the Ig of early primary plasma cell response, circulating antibody; a potent agglutinatory

IgM

____: the Ig associated with allergies; binds to mast cells and basophils; receptor binding results in histamine release and inflammation; found mostly in mucosa of respiratory and GI tract

IgE

cytolysis of cells and bacteria

complement fixation

cytolysis is

the lysis of antibody coated cells

_______: blocks specific sites on virus or toxin and prohibit binding to tissues

neutralization

______: crosslinks formed by immune complexes and clump together

agglutination

_______: soluble molecules (such as toxins) are cross linked, become insoluble and precipitate out of the solution

Recipitation