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2017 physiology > 13 and 14 cards > Flashcards

13 and 14 cards Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system consists of :

A

Blood, Heart, Blood vessels (containers)

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2
Q

Blood types: Eythrocytes

A

red blood cells: carry oxygen

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3
Q

Blood types: Leukocytes

A

White blood cells: immune function

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4
Q

Blood types: Platelets

A

Cell Fragments: for clotting

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5
Q

Blood types: Plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood

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6
Q

Blood percentage
Plasma:
Buffy coat
Red:

A

Plasma: 55%
Buffy coat: negligible
Red: 45%

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7
Q

Plasma is __% water

A

90%

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8
Q

Plasma is -% proteins

A

7-9%

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9
Q

The function of proteins in the blood is to maintain the _____ _____

A

osmotic pressure

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10
Q

RBC’s contain no/a nucleus

A

no

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11
Q

Why are RBC’s bi-concave?

A

provides larger surface area for diffusion of O2

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12
Q

Why are RBC’s flexable

A

so they can travel easily without rupturing things

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13
Q

In hemoglobin, the heme is found in the _____ and carries _____

A

center

iron

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14
Q

How many globulin chains are in each hemoglobin

A

4 (2 alpha 2 beta)

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15
Q

Hemoglobin’s primary role is to carry __

A

O2

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16
Q

Carbon monoxide is dangerous because

A

it can permanently bind to hemoglobin

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17
Q

RBC’s live for around ___ days

A

120

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18
Q

What organ removes old RBC’s

A

Spleen

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19
Q

Describe Eythropoiesis process that occurs in bone marrow

A

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity triggers kidney to release EPO which makes RBC is red bone marrow develop and release which aids RBC count

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20
Q

Eythropoeitin (EPO) is

A

a hormone made by the kidney that makes more RBC when RBC is low

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21
Q

Anemia refers to when

A

below normal O2 carrying capacity

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22
Q

The following are all causes of:

Dietary deficiencies
Blood loss
Bone marrow failure

A

Anemia

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23
Q

Thrombopoietin increase ______ production

A

platelet

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24
Q

Platelets heal wounds by shedding off pieces and covering a hole when exposed to collogen

A

ye

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25
Q

Hemostasis is

A

how injuries are healed

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26
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm: Reduces blood flow through a damaged vessel
  2. Formation of a platelet plug
  3. Blood coagulation: proteins stick and clot area.
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27
Q

Platelates are stimulated ny ______

A

collogan

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28
Q

Clotting factors are always present in blood, they just activate when exposed collogen is present

A

ye

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29
Q

Clot formation ends with

A

Fibrinogen

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30
Q

WBC/s are mobile units of the _____ ____

A

immune system

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31
Q

Defending against invading pathogens, identifying and destroying cancer cells that arise in the body, and functioning as a cleanup crew that removes worn-out cells and tissue debris are all functions of ____

A

WBC (White Blood Cells)

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32
Q

The pulmonary side of the heart is the ____ side while the Systemic is the ____ side

A

right

left

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33
Q

The pulmonary circuit moves:

A

Right side of heart

through lung capillaries and to the left side of the heart.

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34
Q

The pulmonary circuit releases ____ and picks up _____ in the lungs

A

CO2

O2

35
Q

The systemic circuit moves:

A

From heart left -> Tissues-> Heart

36
Q

The Systemic circuit releases ___ and picks up ____

A

O2

CO2

37
Q

The heart has __ chambers, __ Atria and ___ Ventricles

A

4
2
2

38
Q

The Atria of the heart:

A

receive blood from veins

39
Q

The ventricles of the heart:

A

Pump blood into arteries

40
Q

The Atrioventricular valves allow blood to flow from the ____ to _____ only

A

atrium to ventricle

41
Q

Chordae tendinae are attached to ____ muscles and:

A

papillary

prevent valves from everting during ventricular contraction

42
Q

Blood flow through the heart deoxygenated blood:

A

Right atrium -> right AV valve -> right ventricle -> Pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk and arteries -> lungs (pulmonary circuit)

43
Q

Blood flow through the heart oxygenated blood:

A

Left atrium -> left AV valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> tissues (systemic circuit)

44
Q

Cardiac cycle consists of ____ and _____

A

Systole

Diastole

45
Q

Autorhythmicity controls

A

the electrical activity of the heart

46
Q

Autorhythmic cells do not contract but

A

initiate AP’s and spread impulse throughout the heart

47
Q

Contractile heart cells make up __% of cardiac muscle cells and do/do not initiate their own action potentials

A

99

do not

48
Q

SA node sets the ___ and has a set rate

A

pace

49
Q

SA node->AV node

A

ye

50
Q

SA node curve has fast/slow depolarization curve

A

slow

51
Q

SA nodes rate is ___

A

100

52
Q

Contractile tissue in the heart has a slow/fast depolerization

A

fast (vertical)

53
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle works through

A

gap junctions

54
Q

Where does the heart muscle get its oxygen

A

from blood delivered to it, not from the blood in it

55
Q

Coronary vessels:

A

supply blood to the heart during diastole

56
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is

A

the leading cause of death in the united states

57
Q

All of these are risk factors of ______:

Hypertension 
Obesity
Age
Smoking
Inactivity
A

CAD

58
Q

____ ____= Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac output

59
Q

Cardiac output formula

A

CO=BPM*Stroke volume

60
Q

SV (stroke volume) is measured in

A

ml/beat

61
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heart states

A

Stroke Volume is proportional to ventricular endodiastolic volume

62
Q

After-load is essentially a

A

resistance to flow

63
Q

Sympathetic activity determines

A

Contractility

64
Q

Heart rate determined by:

A

Altering balance of parasympathetic and sympathetic influence on SA node

65
Q

Parasympathetic lowers/heightens SA node

A

Lowers

66
Q

Sympathetic Lowers/Heightens SA node

A

Heightens

67
Q

Cardiac output % ejection fraction formula:

A

(SV/EDV)*100= Ejection Fraction

68
Q

Blood Flow formula

A

F= (delta pressure)/R

where r= resistance

69
Q

R roughly =

A

1/r^4

70
Q

Mean arterial pressure is given up by

A

2/3(DBP)+1/3(SBP)

71
Q

Vasoconstriction= more/less resistance

A

more resistance

72
Q

Vasodilation= more/less resistance

A

less resistance

73
Q

Arterioles determine

A

where blood goes in the body and when, except for the brain

74
Q

Arterioles extrinsic control refers to

A

hormonal controls of arterioles

75
Q

What does ADH and Amgiotensin 2 do

A

increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction

76
Q

Capillaries have precapillary sphincters that

A

reduce or increase blood flow to an organ

77
Q

Capillary movement glucose

A

Moves from capillary to tissue cell

78
Q

Capillary movement Oxygen

A

Capillary to tissue cell

79
Q

Capillary movement CO2

A

Tissue cell to capillary

80
Q

Hydro-static pressure

A

Force exerted by blood

81
Q

___ ____ moves things out of the capillaries while _____ _____ moves things in

A

Blood pressure

Osmotic pressure

82
Q

Veins 2 functions

A

Store blood and returns blood to heart

83
Q

Venous valves are located _____ muscles and work against _____

A

between

gravity

2017 physiology (20 decks)

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