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2017 physiology > Exam 4: Renal Systems > Flashcards

Exam 4: Renal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney functions include

A

Regulation of the extracellular fluid environment in
the body, including: Volume of blood plasma (affects blood
pressure), Wastes, Electrolytes, pH.

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2
Q

?: Granular outer cortex of the kidney containing many capillaries, the renal corpuscles and renal tubules.

A

Renal cortex

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3
Q

?:

Stripped middle section containing the “pyramids” and “columns” containing the collecting ducts and blood vessels.

A

Renal medulla

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4
Q

?:

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

A

Renal corpuscles

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5
Q

?:

Fluids from glomerulus are collected here

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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6
Q

?: This is where filtration begins.

A

Glomerulus

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7
Q

?: Functional unit of the kidneys with more than one million on each kidney. Consists of small tubules and
associated blood vessels

A

Nephron

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8
Q

The two types of Nephrons:

A

juxtamedullary and cortical

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9
Q

The Juxtamedullary nephron is

A

better at making CONCENTRATED urine

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10
Q

The majority of nephrons in the kidneys are ____ nephrons

A

Cortical

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11
Q

Micturition is synonymous with ______

A

Urination

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12
Q

?: Line the wall of the urinary

bladder. Innervated by parasympathetic neurons and release acetylcholine onto muscarinic ACh receptors.

A

Detrusor muscles

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13
Q

____ ____ connect smooth muscle cells

A

Gap junctions

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14
Q

_____ Surround urethra

A

Sphincters

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15
Q

There are many sphincters

A

ye

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16
Q

The external urethral sphincter is made of _____ muscle whil the internal urethral sphincter is made of ______ muscle

A

skeletal

smooth

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17
Q

?: When the bladder is filling, sensory neurons in the bladder activated by stretch stimulate interneurons located in the S2 through S4 segments of the spinal cord. Parasympathetic nerves to the detrusor muscle are inhibited while the striated muscle of the external urethral sphincter is stimulated by somatic motor neurons. and prevents the involuntary emptying of the bladder

A

Guarding reflex

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18
Q

? bladder stuff#: Send info to the S2-S4 regions of the spinal cord

A

Stretch receptors in the bladder

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19
Q

?: When the bladder is sufficiently stretched sensory information passes up the spinal cord to the pons, where a group of neurons functions as a micturition center. The micturition center activates the parasympathetic nerve to the detrusor muscle, causing rhythmic contractions. Inhibition of sympathetic neurons may also cause relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter. Person can control with the external urethra sphincter.

A

Voiding reflex

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20
Q

Explain flow of kidney filtration:

A
  1. fluid moves inter Afferent arteriole and down into the glomerular capillaries.
  2. filtrated between the glomerular capillaries by moving into bowmans capsule
  3. Reabsorpstion from the middle of bowmans capsule into the peritubular capillaries
  4. what isn’t needed is sent back to bowmans capsule through secretion
  5. Urine is excreted out the end of bowmans capsule
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21
Q

Nephron excretion formula

A

Excretion= Filtration- Reabsorption + secretion

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22
Q

?: Permeable to water only because since the surrounding interstitial fluid is hypertonic to the filtrate moving water out by osmosis. Transfer water to the Ascending loop of Henle

A

Descending loop of Henle

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23
Q

?: Permeable to NA, Cl, K but not water. Filtrate is transferred to the Distal tubule.

A

Ascending loop of Henle

24
Q

?: partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium and pH. K+ and H+ will be secreted.

A

Distal convoluted tubule

25
Q

?:
Impermeable to NaCl but permeable to water. Water is moved out by osmosis. Contains aquaporins that are regulated by the ADH (arginine vasopressin) that makes it more permeable to water and more water is reabsorb.

A

Collecting Duct

26
Q

GFR stands for

A

Glomerular filtration ratio

27
Q

Control of Na+ levels is important for:

A

Important in blood pressure and blood volume

28
Q

Control of K+ levels is important for:

A

Important in healthy skeletal and cardiac muscle activity

29
Q

_______

Plays a big role in Na+ and K+ balance

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

A rise in blood __ Stimulates production of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex

A

K+

31
Q

A fall in blood ___: Stimulates production of aldosterone via the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system.

A

Na+

32
Q

?: The juxtaglomerular apparatus senses a decrease of Na+ in plasma secreting Renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I in the liver. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) created in the lungs transform angiotensin I into angiotensin II. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone. Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of Na+ from the collecting duct therefore increasing water retention/ reabsorption. Promotes secretion of K+. Increases blood volume and raises blood pressure.

A

Renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system

33
Q

?: Result in lower blood volume. Less water is reabsorbed in collecting ducts and more is excreted in urine. Diabetes Insipidus decrease secretion of ADH.

A

Inhibition of ADH secretion

34
Q

_____ _____:
Part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that senses the tubuloglomerular feedback needed for regulation of glomerular filtration rate.

A

Macula Densa

35
Q

Kidneys can/cannot help with respiratory problems

A

they can

36
Q

?: Increases in blood volume also increase the
release of atrial natriuretic peptide hormone from
the atria of the heart when atrial walls are
stretched. Stimulates kidneys to excrete more salt and
therefore more water. Decreases blood volume and blood pressure.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

37
Q

Kidneys maintain blood pH

A

By reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting H+

38
Q

Proximal tubule uses Na+/H+ pumps

A

To exchange Na+ out and H+ in. Some of the H+ brought in is used for the reabsorption of bicarbonate.

39
Q

Bicarbonate cannot cross the inner tubule

membrane so

A

must be converted to CO2 and H+ using carbonic anhydrase. CO2 can cross into tubule cells where the
reaction reverses and bicarbonate is made again then diffused to the interstitial space.

40
Q

_____:Increase the volume of urine excreted directly lower blood volume.

A

Diuretics

41
Q

When there is respiratory acidosis

A

Due to hypoventilation more CO2 is kept in the blood producing more H+ and lowering the pH. Due to the increase of H+, there is more production and reabsorption of bicarbonate producing a metabolic alkalosis.

42
Q

When there is respiratory alkalosis

A

Due to hyperventilation, there is more exhalation of CO2 therefore low amount of H+ and hight pH. There is less bicarbonate reabsorbed due to lack of H+ interacting with bicarbonate to produce CO2 to transfer into the cell to create more bicarbonate to be reabsorbed. There is more bicarbonate secretion and producing a metabolic acidosis.

43
Q

The kidney filters

A

About 180 liters of plasma per day.

44
Q

?: Region in each nephron where the afferent arteriole comes into contact with the last portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop. Granular cells within the afferent arteriole secrete the enzyme renin into the blood.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

45
Q

___:The volume of blood plasma being filtered at the glomerulus through bowmans capsule per time

A

GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

46
Q

?: The amount of blood flowing through the arteriole. Regulated by dilation and constriction of both afferent and efferent ends.

A

RPF (renal plasma flow

47
Q

?: Inhibit the production of prostaglandin thus inhibiting
the afferent dilating effect and reducing GFR and RPF. Chronic long term excessive use of NSAIDs leads to kidney failure.

A

NSAIDS

48
Q

The afferent end of the arteriole preferentially

A

Dilates in response to prostaglandin production. This increases the amount of blood flow into the glomerulus increasing GFR and RPF. The FF remains constant.

49
Q

FF (Filtration Fraction) formula

A

The fraction of the renal plasma volume that is filtered. It is equal to the GFR divided by RPF (Renal Plasma Flow).
FF=GFR/RPF

50
Q

The _____ end of the arteriole preferentially: Constricts in response to Angiotensin II. Constriction of the efferent end will cause in increase in resistance and arteriolar pressure, thus an increase in GFR at the glomerulus, but a decrease in RPF due to slowing down of the blood flow through the arteriole due to the downstream constriction

A

efferent

51
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

block the production of AT II, thus inhibiting this efferent constriction effect

52
Q

?: acts on the distal tubule to increase its reabsorption of Na+ and water. This increase blood volume and blood to regulate blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

53
Q

?: Due to a drastic reduction in blood delivery to the kidneys.
Decrease in delivery of oxygenated blood to the kidney
tissues and tubules cause cell death and renal failure. Ex; Heart failure causing a reduction in cardiac output and decrease blood to the kidneys or severe blood loss due to trauma.

A

Pre renal failure

54
Q

?: Due to a drastic reduction in blood delivery to the kidneys.
Decrease in delivery of oxygenated blood to the kidney
tissues and tubules cause cell death and renal failure. Ex; Heart failure causing a reduction in cardiac output and decrease blood to the kidneys or severe blood loss due to trauma.

A

Intrinsic renal failure

55
Q

?: Due to an obstruction of the outflow of urine ahead of the kidneys, causing a back-flow of urine.

A

Post renal failure

2017 physiology (20 decks)

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