Exam 4- lecture 1 Flashcards
how are RBC with iron deficiency anemia?
microcytic (smaller than normal)
lack of development
aplasia
this is an insufficient amount of iron supposed to the bone for RBC development
iron deficiency anemia
what are some problems with infections when a patient has diabetes?
decreased resistance of infection such as skin infections, furybcles, UTI and TB..
poor wound healing
why is PTT used?
by MD to monitor heparin therapy (hemodialysis with renal failure)
what is prothrombin time most often used by?
MD to monitor anticoagulation therapy
this type is not sex linked and affects women and men
type c hemophelia
how does hyperparathyroidism appear radiographically?
well defined uni or multilocular RL
Central Giant cell granuloma
this is characterized by the presence of very immature cells (blast cells) and by a rapidly fatal course if not treated
acute leukemia
what is the cause of secondary aplastic anemia?
bone marrow failure is a result of a drug or chemical agent
result of long standing iron deficiency
plummer vinson syndrome
chemical substance produced in the body that has a specific regulatory effect on certain cells or organs
horomone
what is a major problem for patients with type 1 diabetes?
controlling blood glucose levels… glucose is controlled by multiple injections of insulin
this type of hemophelia is less severe bleeding with defect in factor IX… risk of post op bleeding, bleeding and PT are normal.. PTT is prolonged
Hemophelia
what is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?
parathyroid adenoma which is a benign tumor of parathyroid gland
this is protrusion of the eyeballs
exopthalmus
this is the production of ketone acid from the breakdown of fatty tissues and is life threatening
diabetes mellitus
autoimmunity of type 1 diabetes leads to the destruction of insulin producing beta cells which leads to
insulin deficiency
what disease is associated with as a result of decreased production of adrenal steroids, the pituitary gland increases its production of adrenocorticotopic hormone (ACTH)
addison’s disease
decreased number of neutrophils in blood
neutropenia
this is thickening of the blood vessel wall from fibrofatty plaques and is associated with diabetes
atherosclerosis
what is type 1 diabetes?
insulin dependent
what are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
hyperplasia of the gland
benign and malignant tumor of thyroid
pituitary gland disease
metastic tumor
marked reduction in circulating neutrophils
agranulocytosis
what are the causes of relative polycythemia?
diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating
what bones does polyostatic fibrous dysplasia involve?
bones of the face, skull, clavicles and long bones
these types of hemophelia are linked diseases and are transmitted through an unaffected daughter or grandson
types A and B- inherited X
this type of hemophelia is most common and is caused by a deficiency of plasma thromboplastinogen (factor VIII)
type A
characterized by severe hemorrhage
what are the types of polycythemia?
polycythemia vera (primary)
secondary polycythemia
relative polycythemia
malignant neoplasms of the hematopoitic stem cells (blood forming cells) or disorder in bone marrow/ excessive number of abnormal WBC in circulating blood
leukemia
what is folic acid essential for?
DNA synthesis
what is the cause of primary aplastic anemia?
unknown cause
insoluble protein that is essential to the clotting of blood
fibrin
this is also known as primary adrenal cortical insufficiency
addison’s disease
what’s necessary for fibrinogen to be converted to fibrin?
11 clotting factors
what are the clinical manifestations of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
gingival bleeding and periodontal disease
WBC count can increase 50,000 cells
treat with chemo and bone marrow transplants
abnormal rarefaction of bone
osteoporosis
difficulty swallowing.. atrophy of the upper alimentary tract and predisposition to development of oral cancer
dysphagia
what are the clinical signs of iron deficiency anemia?
angular chellits, pallor of oral tissues or erythematous, smooth, painful tongue
who is hyperthyroidism more common in?
women
accumulation of acid in the body resulting from the accumulation of ketone bodies
ketacidosis
release of hemoglobin from RBC by destruction of the cells
hemolysis
excessive apatite.. associated with type 1 diabetes
polyphagia
how is paget’s disease diagnosed and treated?
lab tests of elevated serum alkaline phosphates level
no treatment. still experimenting
what does acute leukemia do orally?
causes bleeding gums, petchiae and ecchymoses present
treat with bone marrow transplant
this is when hypothyroidism is present during infancy and childhood
cretinism
this is an excessive production of thyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism
reduction of the number of red blood cells, quantities of hemoglobin, or volume of packed RBC
anemia
what is it called when patients have a thickened tongue?
macroglossia
abnormally large blood cells
megaloblastic anemia
this is an inherited disorder of platelet function
von willebrands disease
how is pernicious anemia diagnosed and treated?
lab test of low serum vitamin b12 levels, gastric achlorydia and megalobalastic anemia
treat with injection of b 12
what percent of patients are type II and when is the onset?
90% of patients
usually in their 40’s
this type of leukemia is a slow onset affecting adults?
chronic leukemia
this causes menses, pubic hair and breast development by the age of 2
precocious puberty
what is an increase in growth horomone production associated with hyperpituitarism?
gigantism
what is associated with the development of aplastic anemia?
chenotherapgy, radioactive isotopes, radium, or radiant energy
excess of glucose in blood
hyperglycemia
what is the normal platelet count?
150,000-400,000 mm cube
this is a chronic metronomic disease characterized by resorption, osteoblastic repair, demineralization of the involved bone… occurs in older men and in the maxilla
paget’s disease
these are skin lesions associated with polyoststic fibrous dysplasia
cafe au lait spots
this is an increase in blood cells caused by a physiologic response to decreased oxygen
secondary polycythemia
this provided assessment of the adequacy of platelet function not platelet number and tests measures how long it takes to standardized skin incision to stop bleeding by the formation of temporary hemostasis clot
bleeding time
what are the factors causing a decrease in oxygen with secondary polycythemia?
pulmonary disease, heart disease, living in high altitudes and increase in carbon monoxide
what is thrombocytopenia?
a count of platelets less than 100,000
this is a complex process when blood vessels are damaged/ vasoconstriction occurs in an attempt to stop blood flow then platelets (thrombocytes) adhere to the damaged surface to form a temporary clot to stop bleeding permantley- fibrin must be produced
hemostasis
who does polycythemia vera occur in and what are the symptoms?
usually men 40-60 years of age.
symptoms: headache, dizziness, pruritis
increase in rbc/impaired blood flow, vascular stasis and poor circulation(thrombi can lead to death)
who does acute myoblastic leukemia?
adolescents with poor prognosis
blood disorder characterized by purplish or brownish red discolorations caused by bleeding into the skin or tissues
purpura
what is another term that hyperthyroidism is referred to as?
thyrotoxicosis
enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
what are immature granulocytes called?
acute myoblastic leukkemia
what are the systemic and oral signs of celiac sprue?
diarrhea, nervousness, and parasthesja of the extremities
glossitis painful burning of tongue and atrophy of papillae and ulceration of oral mucosa
what is most severely affected with diabetes?
the vascular system
what is common with non insulin dependent patients?
obesity
what may be responsible for destruction of adrenal gland?
malignant tumor or TB
this is characterized by insufficient production of adrenal steroids
addison’s disease
what does acute leukemia do?
enlargement of spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly)
this type of leukemia is associated with a chromosomal abnormality aka the philadelphia chromosome
chronic myeloid leukemia
how do you diagnose and treat iron deficiency anemia?
lab test- low hemoglobin content of RBC and reduced hematocrit value
treat with increasing iron intake
formation of a clot
coagulation
what is a type II diabetic?
non insulin dependent
they have an increased insulin resistance
how do you treat hyperthyroidism?
surgery
medication to suppress thyroid activity
use of radioactive iodine (I 131)
what is hypersecretion of growth horomone associated with hyperpituitarism?
acromegaly
who is monostatic fibrous dysplasia common in and how does it appear clinically?
young children and young adults..
painless swelling or bulging of the jaws involving the buccal plate
what disease stimulated melanocytes which results in bronzing of the skin and melanotic macules of the oral mucosa?
addisons disease
this is due to decreased plasma volume and not an increase in RBC
relative polycythemia
hypercalcemia
excess of calcium in the blood
what drugs effect hemostasis?
coumadin
aspirin
NSAIDS
warfarin
what are the causes of iron deficiency?
deficiency of iron intake blood loss (menstrual or GI), poor iron absorption and increased requirement for iron (pregnancy)
deficiency of phosphates in the blood
hypophosphatemia
small flat hemorrhagic patch on skin or mucous membrane (bruise)
ecchymosis
stoppage or cessation of bleeding
hemostasis
this is an excess horomone production in the anterior pituitary gland that is caused most often by a benign tumor that produces growth horomone (pituitary adenoma)
Hyperpituitarism
this involves the beta cells of the pancreas and is a chronic disorder of glucose metabolism that is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels
diabetes mellitus
how does hyperthyroidism appear clinically?
rosy complexion
erythema of the palms
excessive sweating (heat intolerance)
fine hair
exopthalmus
this type of polycythemia is a neoplastic proliferation of bone marrow stem cells that results in abnormally high number of circulating red blood cells(uncontrolled production of RBC)
polycythemia vera
how do you treat relative polycythemia?
most includes removal of causative agent, chemotherapy and phlebotomy (blood letting)
this is clinically an enlargement of the bone of alveolar ridges and is painful… it looks patchy RL and RO that has been referred to as cotton or wool
paget’s disease
this type of fibrous dysplasia involves more than one bone and is more common in female children
polyoststic fibrous dysplasia
what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
weakness, shortness of breath, fatigue and joint pain and nausea… radiograph changes in the skull have been described as hair on end patten
treat with oxygen and IV fluids
how does fibrous dysplasia appear radiographically and what are the treatments
diffuse RO which has been described as looking like a ground glass
surgically excise
what are the most common types of anemia?
iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12
this produces quantities or numeric evaluation of platelets
platelet count
who does osteomalacia occur in and what is it caused by?
young children and caused by a nutritional deficiency of vitamin D or rickets
treat with Nutritional supplements of vitamin D and dietary calcium
pathological fractures may occur with this
the volume percentage of RBC’s in whole blood
hematocrit
what is the number one medicine used for hypothyroidism?
synthroid
disorder of blood coagulation that results in severely prolonged clotting time, known as free bleeders
hemophilia
what does parathyroid hormone maintain?
normal blood levels of calcium by its effects on the kidney, GItract and bone
excessive thirst and intake fluid… associated with type 1 diabetic
poydipsia
minute red spot on the skin or mucosa caused by the escape of s small amount of blood
petechia
this is excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and plays an important role in calcium and phosphorous metabolism
hyperparathyroidsm
this type of hemophelia is known as christmas disease and less common. defect in factor IV
type B
what is the normal WBC count and what does it fall to in agranulocytosis?
4,000-11,000
falls to less than 1000 cells
what is pernicious anemia caused by?
deficiency of intrinsic factor… extrinsic is necesssry for absorption of vitamin b12 (needed for DNA synthesis)
this measures ability to form a clot… measure time it takes for a clot to form when calcium and a tissue are added to the patients plasma
prothrombin time (PT)
disease of bone caused by a deficiency of calcium over a period of long time
osteomalacia
a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis, associated with hemolytic anemia (damage to RBC membranes and destruction of RBC).. treat with blood transfusions/splenectomy
thalaseemia
what does hyperthyroidism cause orally?
premature exfoliation in children
osteoporosis and affects alveolar bone
decay and perio disease progress more rapidly
burning tongue
what is the most severe form of polyoststic dysplasia?
albrights syndrome which is endocrine abnormalities and causes precocious puberty
this binds the platelets to form a clot
fibrin
the cessation of bleeding
heomstasis
parathyroid hormone
parathormone
low levels of blood phosphorus
hypophosphatemia
who does acute lymphoblastic leukemia occur in?
primarily children
marked decrease in number of granulocytes, particularly neutrophils
agranulocytosis
inherited disorder of the blood found predominately in black individuals, females before age 30… result in abnormal hemoglobin in RBC
sickle cell anemia
what is the normal prothrombin time?
11-16 seconds
what is the most common form of fibrous displays is and what does it involve?
monostatic fibrous dysplasia and it involves only bone.. the maxilla is affected more than mandible and sometimes ribs, femur and tibia
lack of HC acid
gastric achlorhydia
a surface of activating factor
kaolin
excessive urination… involved with type 1 diabetes
polyuria
what type of aplastic anemia is fatal?
primary
engagement of the spleen
Splenomegaly
what are the clinical manifestations of pernicious anemia?
angular chelitis, painful erythematous tongue (burning)
what are oral complications of diabetes?
candidiasis
xerostomia
accentuated response to plaque
gingiva can be hyperplastic and erythematous
periodontal disease, mobility and early tooth loss
ABC medication, calculus and plaque removal and effective oral hygiene care
a substitute platter factor to the patients plasma
cephalon
what is present with aplastic anemia?
leukemia and thrombocytopenia(decrease in platelets)
elevated blood levels of calcium
hypercalcemia
what are immature lymphocytes called?
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
dramatic decrease in all circulating blood cells because of a severe depression of bone marrow activity
aplastic anemia
what are some effects of artherosclerosis?
leads to impaired circulation of blood which results in impaired transport of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
increased risk of ulceration and gangrene of the feet, high BP, kidney failure and stroke
blood vessel changed in the eye can lead to hemorrhage as blindness(diabetic retinopathy)
what are the types of hemophelia?
ABC
this type of leukemia is most common form and accounts for about 1/4 of all cases of leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
what is the normal time for partial thromboplastin time?
25-40 seconds
what results from lack of insulin?
hyperglycemia
disc shaped structure found in blood and for blood coagulation
platelet
increase in the total RBC mass in the blood
Polycythemia
what is the normal bleedingtime?
1-6 minutes
RBC that is smaller than normal
Microcyte
platelet
thrombocytes
horomone produced in the pancreas that regulates glucose metabolism and is major fuel regulating horomone
insulin
what percent of patients with type II diabetes require insulin injections?
25-30%
what can trigger sickle cell anemia?
excessive, exertion, administration of general anesthetic, pregnancy or even sleep
chronic disorder associated with a sensitivity to dietary gluten… protein found in wheat and wheat products
celiac sprue
this measures the time it takes a clot to form after the addition of kaolin
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
what is the onset and how many people are type 1 diabetes?
the inset is usually around 20 years of age and 5-10% of all diabetes patients
what is hyperparathyroidism characterized by?
elevated blood levels of calcium
low levels of blood phosphorus
abnormal bone metabolism
how are blood glucose levels controlled with non insulin dependent patients?
diet and weight reeducation or oral medications
muscle pain
myalgia
this is a chronic form of polycythemia in middle aged white men under physiologic stress, mildly over weight, hypertensive and heavy smokers (increase in cardiovascular accidents)
stress polycythemia
what are bleeding disorders caused by?
abnormalities in platelets or clotting factors
characterized by abnormal increase in number of circulating. RBC.. oral mucosa may appear deep red to purple and the gingiva red.. excessive bleeding after oral surgery
polycythemia
this is when hypothyroidism is present in older children and adults
myxedema
this is decrease output of thyroid hormone
hypothyroidism
this is a disease characterized by the replacement of bone with abnormal fibrous connective tissue containing calcifications
fibrous dysplasia
what is an important diagnosis of. blood disorder?
complete blood count and a series of tests that examines RBC, WBC and platelets
what is the current home management for type 1 diabetics?
multiple insulin injections
proper diet
exercise
home monitoring of blood glucose levels
how long does a type 1 diabetic remind insulin dependent?
their whole life
dietary deficiency of folic acid and b 12 results in anemia and can occur in association with malnutrition and increased metabolic requirements (alcoholism)
folic acid / b12 anemia
what is pagets disease also referred to?
osteitis deformans
this causes the blood PH to be lowered
ketoacidosis
this is a reduction in the oxygen and carrying capacity of the blood
anemia
decrease in number of platelets circulating in blood
thrombocytopenia
how do you diagnose and treat hyperpituitarism?
diagnose by blood work of a measurement of growth horomone
treat with pituitary gland surgery
