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Oral Pathology > Exam 4- lecture 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4- lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how are RBC with iron deficiency anemia?

A

microcytic (smaller than normal)

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2
Q

lack of development

A

aplasia

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3
Q

this is an insufficient amount of iron supposed to the bone for RBC development

A

iron deficiency anemia

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4
Q

what are some problems with infections when a patient has diabetes?

A

decreased resistance of infection such as skin infections, furybcles, UTI and TB..

poor wound healing

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5
Q

why is PTT used?

A

by MD to monitor heparin therapy (hemodialysis with renal failure)

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6
Q

what is prothrombin time most often used by?

A

MD to monitor anticoagulation therapy

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7
Q

this type is not sex linked and affects women and men

A

type c hemophelia

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8
Q

how does hyperparathyroidism appear radiographically?

A

well defined uni or multilocular RL

Central Giant cell granuloma

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9
Q

this is characterized by the presence of very immature cells (blast cells) and by a rapidly fatal course if not treated

A

acute leukemia

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10
Q

what is the cause of secondary aplastic anemia?

A

bone marrow failure is a result of a drug or chemical agent

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11
Q

result of long standing iron deficiency

A

plummer vinson syndrome

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12
Q

chemical substance produced in the body that has a specific regulatory effect on certain cells or organs

A

horomone

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13
Q

what is a major problem for patients with type 1 diabetes?

A

controlling blood glucose levels… glucose is controlled by multiple injections of insulin

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14
Q

this type of hemophelia is less severe bleeding with defect in factor IX… risk of post op bleeding, bleeding and PT are normal.. PTT is prolonged

A

Hemophelia

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15
Q

what is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid adenoma which is a benign tumor of parathyroid gland

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16
Q

this is protrusion of the eyeballs

A

exopthalmus

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17
Q

this is the production of ketone acid from the breakdown of fatty tissues and is life threatening

A

diabetes mellitus

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18
Q

autoimmunity of type 1 diabetes leads to the destruction of insulin producing beta cells which leads to

A

insulin deficiency

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19
Q

what disease is associated with as a result of decreased production of adrenal steroids, the pituitary gland increases its production of adrenocorticotopic hormone (ACTH)

A

addison’s disease

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20
Q

decreased number of neutrophils in blood

A

neutropenia

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21
Q

this is thickening of the blood vessel wall from fibrofatty plaques and is associated with diabetes

A

atherosclerosis

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22
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin dependent

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23
Q

what are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

hyperplasia of the gland

benign and malignant tumor of thyroid

pituitary gland disease

metastic tumor

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24
Q

marked reduction in circulating neutrophils

A

agranulocytosis

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25
Q

what are the causes of relative polycythemia?

A

diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating

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26
Q

what bones does polyostatic fibrous dysplasia involve?

A

bones of the face, skull, clavicles and long bones

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27
Q

these types of hemophelia are linked diseases and are transmitted through an unaffected daughter or grandson

A

types A and B- inherited X

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28
Q

this type of hemophelia is most common and is caused by a deficiency of plasma thromboplastinogen (factor VIII)

A

type A

characterized by severe hemorrhage

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29
Q

what are the types of polycythemia?

A

polycythemia vera (primary)

secondary polycythemia

relative polycythemia

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30
Q

malignant neoplasms of the hematopoitic stem cells (blood forming cells) or disorder in bone marrow/ excessive number of abnormal WBC in circulating blood

A

leukemia

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31
Q

what is folic acid essential for?

A

DNA synthesis

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32
Q

what is the cause of primary aplastic anemia?

A

unknown cause

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33
Q

insoluble protein that is essential to the clotting of blood

A

fibrin

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34
Q

this is also known as primary adrenal cortical insufficiency

A

addison’s disease

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35
Q

what’s necessary for fibrinogen to be converted to fibrin?

A

11 clotting factors

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36
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

A

gingival bleeding and periodontal disease

WBC count can increase 50,000 cells

treat with chemo and bone marrow transplants

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37
Q

abnormal rarefaction of bone

A

osteoporosis

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38
Q

difficulty swallowing.. atrophy of the upper alimentary tract and predisposition to development of oral cancer

A

dysphagia

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39
Q

what are the clinical signs of iron deficiency anemia?

A

angular chellits, pallor of oral tissues or erythematous, smooth, painful tongue

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40
Q

who is hyperthyroidism more common in?

A

women

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41
Q

accumulation of acid in the body resulting from the accumulation of ketone bodies

A

ketacidosis

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42
Q

release of hemoglobin from RBC by destruction of the cells

A

hemolysis

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43
Q

excessive apatite.. associated with type 1 diabetes

A

polyphagia

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44
Q

how is paget’s disease diagnosed and treated?

A

lab tests of elevated serum alkaline phosphates level

no treatment. still experimenting

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45
Q

what does acute leukemia do orally?

A

causes bleeding gums, petchiae and ecchymoses present

treat with bone marrow transplant

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46
Q

this is when hypothyroidism is present during infancy and childhood

A

cretinism

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47
Q

this is an excessive production of thyroid hormone

A

hyperthyroidism

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48
Q

reduction of the number of red blood cells, quantities of hemoglobin, or volume of packed RBC

A

anemia

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49
Q

what is it called when patients have a thickened tongue?

A

macroglossia

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50
Q

abnormally large blood cells

A

megaloblastic anemia

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51
Q

this is an inherited disorder of platelet function

A

von willebrands disease

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52
Q

how is pernicious anemia diagnosed and treated?

A

lab test of low serum vitamin b12 levels, gastric achlorydia and megalobalastic anemia

treat with injection of b 12

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53
Q

what percent of patients are type II and when is the onset?

A

90% of patients

usually in their 40’s

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54
Q

this type of leukemia is a slow onset affecting adults?

A

chronic leukemia

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55
Q

this causes menses, pubic hair and breast development by the age of 2

A

precocious puberty

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56
Q

what is an increase in growth horomone production associated with hyperpituitarism?

A

gigantism

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57
Q

what is associated with the development of aplastic anemia?

A

chenotherapgy, radioactive isotopes, radium, or radiant energy

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58
Q

excess of glucose in blood

A

hyperglycemia

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59
Q

what is the normal platelet count?

A

150,000-400,000 mm cube

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60
Q

this is a chronic metronomic disease characterized by resorption, osteoblastic repair, demineralization of the involved bone… occurs in older men and in the maxilla

A

paget’s disease

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61
Q

these are skin lesions associated with polyoststic fibrous dysplasia

A

cafe au lait spots

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62
Q

this is an increase in blood cells caused by a physiologic response to decreased oxygen

A

secondary polycythemia

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63
Q

this provided assessment of the adequacy of platelet function not platelet number and tests measures how long it takes to standardized skin incision to stop bleeding by the formation of temporary hemostasis clot

A

bleeding time

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64
Q

what are the factors causing a decrease in oxygen with secondary polycythemia?

A

pulmonary disease, heart disease, living in high altitudes and increase in carbon monoxide

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65
Q

what is thrombocytopenia?

A

a count of platelets less than 100,000

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66
Q

this is a complex process when blood vessels are damaged/ vasoconstriction occurs in an attempt to stop blood flow then platelets (thrombocytes) adhere to the damaged surface to form a temporary clot to stop bleeding permantley- fibrin must be produced

A

hemostasis

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67
Q

who does polycythemia vera occur in and what are the symptoms?

A

usually men 40-60 years of age.

symptoms: headache, dizziness, pruritis

increase in rbc/impaired blood flow, vascular stasis and poor circulation(thrombi can lead to death)

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68
Q

who does acute myoblastic leukemia?

A

adolescents with poor prognosis

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69
Q

blood disorder characterized by purplish or brownish red discolorations caused by bleeding into the skin or tissues

A

purpura

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70
Q

what is another term that hyperthyroidism is referred to as?

A

thyrotoxicosis

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71
Q

enlargement of the liver

A

hepatomegaly

72
Q

what are immature granulocytes called?

A

acute myoblastic leukkemia

73
Q

what are the systemic and oral signs of celiac sprue?

A

diarrhea, nervousness, and parasthesja of the extremities

glossitis painful burning of tongue and atrophy of papillae and ulceration of oral mucosa

74
Q

what is most severely affected with diabetes?

A

the vascular system

75
Q

what is common with non insulin dependent patients?

A

obesity

76
Q

what may be responsible for destruction of adrenal gland?

A

malignant tumor or TB

77
Q

this is characterized by insufficient production of adrenal steroids

A

addison’s disease

78
Q

what does acute leukemia do?

A

enlargement of spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly)

79
Q

this type of leukemia is associated with a chromosomal abnormality aka the philadelphia chromosome

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

80
Q

how do you diagnose and treat iron deficiency anemia?

A

lab test- low hemoglobin content of RBC and reduced hematocrit value

treat with increasing iron intake

81
Q

formation of a clot

A

coagulation

82
Q

what is a type II diabetic?

A

non insulin dependent

they have an increased insulin resistance

83
Q

how do you treat hyperthyroidism?

A

surgery

medication to suppress thyroid activity

use of radioactive iodine (I 131)

84
Q

what is hypersecretion of growth horomone associated with hyperpituitarism?

A

acromegaly

85
Q

who is monostatic fibrous dysplasia common in and how does it appear clinically?

A

young children and young adults..

painless swelling or bulging of the jaws involving the buccal plate

86
Q

what disease stimulated melanocytes which results in bronzing of the skin and melanotic macules of the oral mucosa?

A

addisons disease

87
Q

this is due to decreased plasma volume and not an increase in RBC

A

relative polycythemia

88
Q

hypercalcemia

A

excess of calcium in the blood

89
Q

what drugs effect hemostasis?

A

coumadin
aspirin
NSAIDS
warfarin

90
Q

what are the causes of iron deficiency?

A

deficiency of iron intake blood loss (menstrual or GI), poor iron absorption and increased requirement for iron (pregnancy)

91
Q

deficiency of phosphates in the blood

A

hypophosphatemia

92
Q

small flat hemorrhagic patch on skin or mucous membrane (bruise)

A

ecchymosis

93
Q

stoppage or cessation of bleeding

A

hemostasis

94
Q

this is an excess horomone production in the anterior pituitary gland that is caused most often by a benign tumor that produces growth horomone (pituitary adenoma)

A

Hyperpituitarism

95
Q

this involves the beta cells of the pancreas and is a chronic disorder of glucose metabolism that is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels

A

diabetes mellitus

96
Q

how does hyperthyroidism appear clinically?

A

rosy complexion

erythema of the palms

excessive sweating (heat intolerance)

fine hair

exopthalmus

97
Q

this type of polycythemia is a neoplastic proliferation of bone marrow stem cells that results in abnormally high number of circulating red blood cells(uncontrolled production of RBC)

A

polycythemia vera

98
Q

how do you treat relative polycythemia?

A

most includes removal of causative agent, chemotherapy and phlebotomy (blood letting)

99
Q

this is clinically an enlargement of the bone of alveolar ridges and is painful… it looks patchy RL and RO that has been referred to as cotton or wool

A

paget’s disease

100
Q

this type of fibrous dysplasia involves more than one bone and is more common in female children

A

polyoststic fibrous dysplasia

101
Q

what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A

weakness, shortness of breath, fatigue and joint pain and nausea… radiograph changes in the skull have been described as hair on end patten

treat with oxygen and IV fluids

102
Q

how does fibrous dysplasia appear radiographically and what are the treatments

A

diffuse RO which has been described as looking like a ground glass

surgically excise

103
Q

what are the most common types of anemia?

A

iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12

104
Q

this produces quantities or numeric evaluation of platelets

A

platelet count

105
Q

who does osteomalacia occur in and what is it caused by?

A

young children and caused by a nutritional deficiency of vitamin D or rickets

treat with Nutritional supplements of vitamin D and dietary calcium

pathological fractures may occur with this

106
Q

the volume percentage of RBC’s in whole blood

A

hematocrit

107
Q

what is the number one medicine used for hypothyroidism?

A

synthroid

108
Q

disorder of blood coagulation that results in severely prolonged clotting time, known as free bleeders

A

hemophilia

109
Q

what does parathyroid hormone maintain?

A

normal blood levels of calcium by its effects on the kidney, GItract and bone

110
Q

excessive thirst and intake fluid… associated with type 1 diabetic

A

poydipsia

111
Q

minute red spot on the skin or mucosa caused by the escape of s small amount of blood

A

petechia

112
Q

this is excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and plays an important role in calcium and phosphorous metabolism

A

hyperparathyroidsm

113
Q

this type of hemophelia is known as christmas disease and less common. defect in factor IV

A

type B

114
Q

what is the normal WBC count and what does it fall to in agranulocytosis?

A

4,000-11,000

falls to less than 1000 cells

115
Q

what is pernicious anemia caused by?

A

deficiency of intrinsic factor… extrinsic is necesssry for absorption of vitamin b12 (needed for DNA synthesis)

116
Q

this measures ability to form a clot… measure time it takes for a clot to form when calcium and a tissue are added to the patients plasma

A

prothrombin time (PT)

117
Q

disease of bone caused by a deficiency of calcium over a period of long time

A

osteomalacia

118
Q

a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis, associated with hemolytic anemia (damage to RBC membranes and destruction of RBC).. treat with blood transfusions/splenectomy

A

thalaseemia

119
Q

what does hyperthyroidism cause orally?

A

premature exfoliation in children

osteoporosis and affects alveolar bone

decay and perio disease progress more rapidly

burning tongue

120
Q

what is the most severe form of polyoststic dysplasia?

A

albrights syndrome which is endocrine abnormalities and causes precocious puberty

121
Q

this binds the platelets to form a clot

A

fibrin

122
Q

the cessation of bleeding

A

heomstasis

123
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

parathormone

124
Q

low levels of blood phosphorus

A

hypophosphatemia

125
Q

who does acute lymphoblastic leukemia occur in?

A

primarily children

126
Q

marked decrease in number of granulocytes, particularly neutrophils

A

agranulocytosis

127
Q

inherited disorder of the blood found predominately in black individuals, females before age 30… result in abnormal hemoglobin in RBC

A

sickle cell anemia

128
Q

what is the normal prothrombin time?

A

11-16 seconds

129
Q

what is the most common form of fibrous displays is and what does it involve?

A

monostatic fibrous dysplasia and it involves only bone.. the maxilla is affected more than mandible and sometimes ribs, femur and tibia

130
Q

lack of HC acid

A

gastric achlorhydia

131
Q

a surface of activating factor

A

kaolin

132
Q

excessive urination… involved with type 1 diabetes

A

polyuria

133
Q

what type of aplastic anemia is fatal?

A

primary

134
Q

engagement of the spleen

A

Splenomegaly

135
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of pernicious anemia?

A

angular chelitis, painful erythematous tongue (burning)

136
Q

what are oral complications of diabetes?

A

candidiasis

xerostomia

accentuated response to plaque

gingiva can be hyperplastic and erythematous

periodontal disease, mobility and early tooth loss

ABC medication, calculus and plaque removal and effective oral hygiene care

137
Q

a substitute platter factor to the patients plasma

A

cephalon

138
Q

what is present with aplastic anemia?

A

leukemia and thrombocytopenia(decrease in platelets)

139
Q

elevated blood levels of calcium

A

hypercalcemia

140
Q

what are immature lymphocytes called?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

141
Q

dramatic decrease in all circulating blood cells because of a severe depression of bone marrow activity

A

aplastic anemia

142
Q

what are some effects of artherosclerosis?

A

leads to impaired circulation of blood which results in impaired transport of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues

increased risk of ulceration and gangrene of the feet, high BP, kidney failure and stroke

blood vessel changed in the eye can lead to hemorrhage as blindness(diabetic retinopathy)

143
Q

what are the types of hemophelia?

A

ABC

144
Q

this type of leukemia is most common form and accounts for about 1/4 of all cases of leukemia

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

145
Q

what is the normal time for partial thromboplastin time?

A

25-40 seconds

146
Q

what results from lack of insulin?

A

hyperglycemia

147
Q

disc shaped structure found in blood and for blood coagulation

A

platelet

148
Q

increase in the total RBC mass in the blood

A

Polycythemia

149
Q

what is the normal bleedingtime?

A

1-6 minutes

150
Q

RBC that is smaller than normal

A

Microcyte

151
Q

platelet

A

thrombocytes

152
Q

horomone produced in the pancreas that regulates glucose metabolism and is major fuel regulating horomone

A

insulin

153
Q

what percent of patients with type II diabetes require insulin injections?

A

25-30%

154
Q

what can trigger sickle cell anemia?

A

excessive, exertion, administration of general anesthetic, pregnancy or even sleep

155
Q

chronic disorder associated with a sensitivity to dietary gluten… protein found in wheat and wheat products

A

celiac sprue

156
Q

this measures the time it takes a clot to form after the addition of kaolin

A

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

157
Q

what is the onset and how many people are type 1 diabetes?

A

the inset is usually around 20 years of age and 5-10% of all diabetes patients

158
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism characterized by?

A

elevated blood levels of calcium

low levels of blood phosphorus

abnormal bone metabolism

159
Q

how are blood glucose levels controlled with non insulin dependent patients?

A

diet and weight reeducation or oral medications

160
Q

muscle pain

A

myalgia

161
Q

this is a chronic form of polycythemia in middle aged white men under physiologic stress, mildly over weight, hypertensive and heavy smokers (increase in cardiovascular accidents)

A

stress polycythemia

162
Q

what are bleeding disorders caused by?

A

abnormalities in platelets or clotting factors

163
Q

characterized by abnormal increase in number of circulating. RBC.. oral mucosa may appear deep red to purple and the gingiva red.. excessive bleeding after oral surgery

A

polycythemia

164
Q

this is when hypothyroidism is present in older children and adults

A

myxedema

165
Q

this is decrease output of thyroid hormone

A

hypothyroidism

166
Q

this is a disease characterized by the replacement of bone with abnormal fibrous connective tissue containing calcifications

A

fibrous dysplasia

167
Q

what is an important diagnosis of. blood disorder?

A

complete blood count and a series of tests that examines RBC, WBC and platelets

168
Q

what is the current home management for type 1 diabetics?

A

multiple insulin injections

proper diet

exercise

home monitoring of blood glucose levels

169
Q

how long does a type 1 diabetic remind insulin dependent?

A

their whole life

170
Q

dietary deficiency of folic acid and b 12 results in anemia and can occur in association with malnutrition and increased metabolic requirements (alcoholism)

A

folic acid / b12 anemia

171
Q

what is pagets disease also referred to?

A

osteitis deformans

172
Q

this causes the blood PH to be lowered

A

ketoacidosis

173
Q

this is a reduction in the oxygen and carrying capacity of the blood

A

anemia

174
Q

decrease in number of platelets circulating in blood

A

thrombocytopenia

175
Q

how do you diagnose and treat hyperpituitarism?

A

diagnose by blood work of a measurement of growth horomone

treat with pituitary gland surgery

Oral Pathology (15 decks)

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