Exam 1 (lecture 2) Flashcards
enlargement of tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of the cell, not number of cells
hypertrophy
this injury whereby there is loss of tissue and the edges of the injury cannot be joined during healing, increase scar tissue, extraction site and keloid formation (excessive scarring in skin)
healing by secondary intention
elevation of body temperature higher than 98.6 degrees F
fever
what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of nromal tissue function
within bone
central
what happens 2 weeks after injury?
tissue has full strength called scar tissue
paler in color at surface because of increased number of collagen fibers and decreased vascularity
These are also called PMN’s (polymorphonuclear leukocyte), 1st cell to emigrate and 1st primary cell involved in acute inflammation
Neutrophils
What happens 2 days after injury?
monocytes emigrate
fibroblasts increase in number and start producing new colleen fibers
the initial tissue formed in CT portion of the injury is called granulation tissue
at the end of the 2 days chronic inflammation and immune response begins
What are some benign conditions of an unknown cause?
lingual thyroid nodule fissured tongue median rhomboid glossitis geographic tongue ectopic geographic tongue hairy tongue
occurs similar to tissue with exception of osteoblasts
bone tissue repair
this is the escape of WBC from vessels of plasma fluids that enter tissue?
emigration
injestion and digestion of a foreign substance by cells (macrophages)
phagocytosis
this is the pathological wearing away of tooth structure that results from a repetitive mechanical habit (tooth brush), pulp exposure usually not present, presents as a notching of the root surface in areas of gingival recession, abrasive dentrifice(tooth paste) can cause this, pipe smokers, pen chewers
abrasion
60-70% of WBC population, main function, phagocytosis then dies
neutrophils
this healing of an injury in which there is little loss of tissue, surgical incision, edges are joined by sutures and less scar tissue
healing by primary intention
what is the ingestion of foreign body substances by WBC’s?
phagocytosis
what happens with a fistula?
a formation of a natural drainage passageway boring through tissue allowing drainage of exudated (buccal parulus)
what three things does inflammation do?
eliminates injurious agents
contains injuries
heal defects
The cause of this is unknown, supposedly associated with a vitamin deficiency or chronic trauma, appears as deep grooves in the dorsal of the tongue where debris can collect and be removed by brushing the tongue
fissured tongue
What are the characteristics of granulomatous inflammation?
distinctive form of chronic inflammation
formation of granulomas- microscopic groupings of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells (for ex, TB)
this is a thyroid tissue that has become entrapped in the tissues of the tongue, more common in females, and is located as a mass in midline of dorsal of the tongue in the area of the goramen caecum (located at the “v” of the circumvallate papillae)
lingual thyroid nodule
What are the characteristics of lymphadenopathy?
enlargement of lymph nodes
will be able to palpate-enlarged mass in area of inflammation
production of lymphocytes in nodes- primary cells of immune system
hyperplasia (increase number of cells)
hypertrophy (increase of size of cells)
What is the normal range of WBC?
4-10,000 mm3
what are the signs and symptoms of bruxism?
wear facets, abnormal rate of attrition, hypertrophy of masticatory muscles (masseter) increase muscle tone muscle tenderness muscle fatigue cheek biting TMJ pain mobility of teeth sensitivity to cold
temporary increase in wbc’s circulating in the blood
leukocytosis
what happens seven days after injury?
fibrin is digested by tissue enzymes and sloughs off
initial repair is completed
This is an increase in WBC’s, a lab test is to determine the number of these
Leukocytosis
what type of management is used for bruxism?
biteguard or occlusal adjustment
movement of white blood cells to area of injury
chemotaxis
minimal and brief
acute
these become macrophages after emigration, 3-8% of WBC population, lysosomal enzymes to aide in destruction of foreign substances
monocytes
what are the causes of emigration?
increase blood flow causing increase pressure, opening of junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessel, increase mobility of WBC, chemical mediatores causing directional movement of WBC (chemotaxis)
these are large macrophages having multiple nuclei
multinucleated giant cells
this is the wearing away of tooth structure during mastication, both primary and permanent teeth, 1st sign is disappearance of mamelons and flattening of occlusal cusps, rare is dertermined by diet
attrition
short duration, arises quickly
acute
bone tissue repair interruption is due to:
removal of osteoblast- producing tissues
hemorrhage
increased movement of bone
infection
This system clots blood and helps with repair, platelets
Clotting mechanism
This system mediates inflammation by causing an increase dilation of blood vessels at the site of increase permeability of blood vessels by widening gaps between endothelial cells, early phase of inflammation
Kinin System
excess of blood in part of the body
hyperemia
nonspecific response to injury and occurs in the same manner regardless of nature of injury (can be local, systemic, acute, or chronic)
inflammation
abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells
hyperplasia
What are the systemic manifestations of inflammation?
Fever leukocytosis lymphadenopathy granulomatous inflammation multinucleated giant cells
What are the steps of regeneration / repair?
day of injury one day after 2 days after 7 days after 2 weeks after
What kind of injuries can occur to teeth?
Attrition
bruxism
abrasion
erosion
bulimia
anorexia nervosa
What happens in the first event?
constriction of microcirculation then dilation (for example, cutting oneself)
both inflammation and immune response
Eosinophil/mast cell
these occur in both epithelium and connective tissue, repair usually is completed in 2 weeks
microscopic events
These are also called macrophage, 2nd cell to emigrate
Monocyte
macrophages, lyphocytes, and plasma cells become the prediminantes
chronic inflammation
What are the characteristics of fever?
elevated by body temperature higher than 100 degrees fahrenheit
body temperature regulated by hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
pyrogens-fever producing substances and can cause fever with medication (acetaminophen)
if an infection, how high can WBC count go?
10-30,000
containing or forming pus
purulent
this is the alteration in the environment causing tissue damage, can be physical, chemical, microorganisms, nutritional deficiencies
injury
What happens one day after injury?
acute inflammation takes place (neutrophils)
inflammatory fluid, serum like proteins and leukocytes(pus)
exudate
what is the body’s response to an injury?
inflammation and repair
what is incision and drainage (ID)?
mechanical way of draining exudate
long duration, persists for a long time
chronic
what are microscopic components?
small blood vessels, certain WBC’s, and chemical mediators
located away from the center
peripheral
this infection occurs at site of surgical incision that is healing by primary, and secondary intention may ensure.. waiting to perform surgical tissue repair until infection is resolved
healing by tertiary intention
pathologic death of cells or portions of tissue
necrosis
these are involved in chronic inflammation and immune response
Lymphocyte/plasma cell
this is when the filliform papillae become elongated and appear white, yellow, black or brown.. possible causes of this are from tobacco, chemical rinses, alcohol, and some foods.. it can have systemic antibiotic therapy, corticosterioid therapy or radiation therapy.. or brush it gently
hairy tongue
what is serous from exudate?
mainly plasma fluids/proteins (thin and clear)
this is the body’s final defense mechanism in its attempt to restore injured tissue to its original state
repair
this eating disorder of food binges followed by self induced vomiting, classic erosion pattern and normal body weight
bulimia
continued inflammation and longer, could be weeks or months
chronic
-suffix denoting inflammation for example, pulpitis, gingivitis
-itis
This system is the production of sequential cascade of plasma proteins that are present in the blood activated form, release of histamine (mast cells)
Complement system
this is the loss of tooth structure resulting from chemical action, usually on lingual/facial but can be occlusal/interproximal, usually involves more than one tooth, sucking lemons or excessive : chronic vomiting
erosion
enlargement of lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
having a fluid or watery consistency relates to serum
serous
diffuse areas of desquamation of filiform papillae, erythematous patches with well defined border of white or yellow, no treatment and also called benign migratory glossitis
geographic tongue
What is attrition accelerated by?
bruxism
chewing tobacco
certain occupations/environments when abrasives enter the mouth
this is the start or enhance the inflammatory response and has what three systems?
chemical mediators
Kinin system, complement system, clotting mechanism
enlargement or swelling of a lymph node
lymphadenopathy
one area
local
what happens with exudate?
plasma fluids and proteins that leave the blood vessels and enter the surrounding tissues.. this causes pain and sensory nerves in area
involves serous and purulent
What are the 6 types of WBC’s?
neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and mast cells
what happens with active hyperemia?
increase in blood flow flooding from capillary beds which causes heat and erythema
redness
erythema
throughout
systemic
the adherence of WBC’s to endothelial cells lining an injured blood vessel
pavementing
what are the microscopic events?
1st event active hyperemia exudate wheal fistula incision/drainage margination pavementing emigration phagocytosis
restoration of damaged or diseased tissue
repair
what is it called when the lining of vessel walls with the WBCs?
pavementing
increase in white blood cells
leukocytosis
what is the movement of WBC’s to periphery of vessel walls?
margination
what is purulent exudate?
tissue debris/many WBC’s and serous (thick/colored)
what is the grinding/clenching the teeth together for nonfunctional purposes?
Bruxism
affects body as a whole
systemic
occurs in the early stage of inflammation; wbc’s occupy the periphery of a blood vessel and adhere to endothelial cells lining the blood vessel
margination
passage of white blood cells through endothelial wall of small blood vessels
emigration
what happens with wheal?
clinical sign of edema (swelling)
this is used to describe a condition when it is found on the mucosal surfaces other than the tongue
ectopic geographic tongue
confined or limited to a part
local
What day of injury does a clot form?
Day of Injury
consists of fibrin, aggregated RBC and platelets, clot formation (thrombocytes)
affected by hereditary factors; drugs
extensive injury
certain diseases
characterized by distorted perception of body image along with depression, intense fear of gaining weight, and self imposed starvation, recommend rinsing immediately after vomiting and use fluoride
anorexia nervosa
this is flat or slightly raised oval or rectangular erythematous area in the midline of dorsal surface of tongue, lacking filiform papillae, no specific treatment because it can be resolved on its own
median rhomboid glossitis
localized swelling of tissue due to edema, accompanied by severe itching
wheal
