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GEOG 1100 > EXAM 4 (FINAL) > Flashcards

EXAM 4 (FINAL) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hanging trough?

A

where tributary glacier intersects primary alpine glacier

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2
Q

what is a tarn?

A

lake left in a cirque after glacial retreat

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3
Q

what is a valley train?

A

debris left in the alley as the glacier retreated
(often leads to braided stream)

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4
Q

what are fiords?

A

where troughs open to the sea with glacial retreat

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5
Q

what are landslides?

A

when failure steep sided trough walls

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6
Q

what is a trough lake?

A

elongated lakes left in glacial trough after glacial retreat

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7
Q

what is a col?

A

gap or opening in the glacial trough wall

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8
Q

what is a crevasse?

A

deep open crack in glacial ice surface

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9
Q

what are three causes of environmental impact?

A

disrupted drainage
disrupted soils
some hydropower production

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10
Q

what is disrupted drainage?

A
  • disruption of a drainage pattern
  • alters flow
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11
Q

what are ice shelves?

A

floating sheet of ice permanently attached to a landmass (enormous and may be several hundred feet thick)

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12
Q

what are the two continental ice sheets today?

A

Antarctica & Greenland

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13
Q

how big is Antarctica?

A

5.4 million sq miles
[ice – up to 13,000 ft thick]

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14
Q

how big is Greenland?

A

656,000 sq miles (3 times size Texas)
[ice – up to 10,000 ft thick]

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15
Q

for Greenland, what percentage of icebergs are below sea level?

A

90%

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16
Q

how is Greenland set up structurally?

A
  • many outlet glaciers that extend to the sea
  • tongues break off creating calving (icebergs)
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17
Q

how is Antarctica set up structurally?

A
  • ice in interior extends well below sea level
  • thus, at sea interface creates large ‘ice-shelves’
  • ice shelves are enormous and may be several hundred ft thick (largest is ross ice shelf)
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18
Q

when did the Pleistocene Glaciation occur?

A

approximately 2.5 million to 11,700 years ago

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19
Q

what was the Pleistocene Glaciation?

A

over 20 glacial events occurring during this time period with periods of glacial retreat

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20
Q

what causes these cycles of glaciation?

A

variations in…
- the earth’s tilt
- Earth’s eccentricity in its orbit about the sun
- the arrangement of the continents through plate tectonics
- the ocean-air systems

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21
Q

what were some impacts of the Pleistocene Glaciation?

A

1) temperature change – 5 to 10 degrees cooler
2) isostatic adjustment – ice weight forced continents down 300m
3) change in sea level – off Atlantic decrease 137 meters
4) modified drainage systems (Missouri river once flowed north into Lancaster Sound)

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22
Q

what are striations?

A

abrasion marks
(trend in direction of ice movements)

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23
Q

what are stratified drift/tills?

A

glacially sorted debris at edge of glacier

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24
Q

what are glacial erratics?

A

rock derived from poleward locations but carried south by glacial ice

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25
Q

what are kettles?

A

when block of stagnate ice melts leaving a pitted area

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26
Q

what are drumlins?

A

smooth elongated hills (resemble inverted spoon)

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27
Q

what are eskers?

A

winding ridges composed of sand & gravel (remnants of streams beneath glacial ice)

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28
Q

what’s a kame?

A

steep sided hill where sand and gravel accumulated in ice crack or fissure

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29
Q

what are marginal glacial lakes?

A

elongated valleys were carved & lakes were left as remnants

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30
Q

what are some environmental impacts of continental glaciation?

A

drainage, glacial erratics, loess, till plains, lakes

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31
Q

what is the primary energy source of waves?

A

wind

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32
Q

what are “swells”?

A

large waves when there is stronger wind

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33
Q

what is the wave structure?

A

height, trough, length

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34
Q

what is longshore drift?

A

the movement of material along a coast by waves which approach at an angle to the shore, but recede directly away from it

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35
Q

what is the wave pattern?

A

oscillatory

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36
Q

what is beach drift?

A

movement of sand along the shoreline

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37
Q

what are jetties?

A

a landing stage or small pier at which boats can dock or be moored

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38
Q

what are groins?

A

smaller version of jetties along coastline to help slowdown beach drift and longshore drift

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39
Q

what is artificial nourishment?

A

dumping in sand on coastline to reduce erosion

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40
Q

what is backwash?

A

waves that wash back into the body of water

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41
Q

what is swash?

A

waves that wash up on the beach after an incoming wave has broken (at an angle)

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42
Q

what’s a breaker?

A

collapse of wave crest

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43
Q

what are sea arches?

A

a natural arch or bridge made of stone that has been created when water wears away the underside of a rock, leaving just the top behind

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44
Q

what are wave cut terraces?

A

formed where a seacliff is eroded by marine action, resulting in the deposition of cliff material and formation of a bedrock area where erosion occurred

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45
Q

what are sea caves?

A

caves formed primarily from erosion caused by waves

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46
Q

what are sea stacks?

A

isolated outcrops of rock standing in the ocean

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47
Q

what’s a beach?

A

a pebbly or sandy shore, especially by the ocean between high and low-water marks

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48
Q

what’s a spit?

A

narrow coastal land formation that is tied to the coast at one end

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49
Q

what’s a baymouth bar?

A

a depositional feature as a result of longshore drift

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50
Q

what’s a tombolo?

A

a narrow piece of land made of sediment such as sand or gravel that connects an island to the mainland or another island

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51
Q

what’s a high to low tide called?

A

ebb/seaward

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52
Q

what do wave action and saline water create and do?

A

create solutions
abrade physical features

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53
Q

how does an ebb current move?

A

seaward

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54
Q

what is a low to high tide called?

A

flood/landward

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55
Q

how does a flood current move?

A

landward

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56
Q

explain spring tides…

A

strongest tides
two times/month caused by alignment sun
moon with gravity

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57
Q

explain neap tides…

A

lowest tides
when sun and moon are at right angles
two times per month

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58
Q

what’s a mud flat?

A

a stretch of muddy land left uncovered at low tide

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59
Q

what’s a salt marsh?

A

an area of coastal grassland that is regularly flooded by seawater

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60
Q

what are polders/fenlands?

A

drained marshes

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61
Q

what is a ria coast? some examples?

A
  • significant rise of sea level or crustal sinking
  • New England Coast, Coastal UK, Coastal France and Spain
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62
Q

what is a fiord coastline? some examples?

A
  • a long, deep, narrow body of water created by glaciers that reaches far inland
  • (often set in a U-shaped valley with steep walls of rock on either side)
  • Norway, Canada, Greenland, etc.
63
Q

what is a barrier island coast?
some examples?

A
  • recently emerged coastal plain – very gradual slope
  • includes lagoons, tidal inlets, and is vulnerable to over wash
  • examples: US Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
64
Q

what is a delta coast? an example?

A
  • where major river flows into an ocean
  • Ganges Delta Coast
65
Q

what is a volcanic coast? some examples?

A
  • created by lava flows, usually very rugged
  • examples: Hawaii, Oregon Coast
66
Q

** what is a coral reef coast?

A

where carol grows on the coast (?)
- mostly between tropics (Cancer & Capricorn)

67
Q

what are atoll reefs?

A

volcanic activity didn’t reach sea level but shallow to allow algae to thrive and form

68
Q

what are fringing reefs?

A

attached to mainland

69
Q

what are barrier reefs?

A

not attached to mainland, parallel to shore but separated by channel of water

70
Q

what are eolian landforms?

A

wind related landforms

71
Q

what is the importance of wind?

A

erodes, transports, and deposits materials

72
Q

what is deflation?

A

lifting and removal of loose sand and dust particles

73
Q

what are grus or reg?

A

rock-like deserts

74
Q

what is abrasion?

A

sand blasting by wind particles
(can polish rocks & impact trees and other structures)

75
Q

what is wind transportation?

A

sand creep, dust storms, and sandstorms

76
Q

what’s a haboob?

A

large dust storm

77
Q

what is wind saltation?

A

movement of particles by a series of short bounces along the surface of the ground

78
Q

what’s a barchan dune?

A
  • crescent-shaped
  • face the wind
  • made by wind that comes from one direction
79
Q

what’s a parabolic dune?

A
  • u-shaped (like a parabola fr)
  • where sparse vegetative cover
  • creates blowout like dune in coastal areas
80
Q

what’s a transverse dune?

A
  • large supply of sand
  • constant wind direction
  • sinuous ridges of sand
  • best example: Sahara Desert (like a sand sea)
81
Q

what’s a longitudinal dune?

A

elongated dune in general direction of convergence energy (converging winds)

82
Q

what are star dunes?

A

high central point
multiple wind directions

83
Q

what are foredunes?

A

narrow belt of sand landward of ocean beach

84
Q

what’s a loess?

A

wind transported sediment from glaciated areas or deserts

85
Q

what are examples of a loess?

A
  • deposits around Yellow River area from Gobi Desert
  • soils of Midwest USA from continental glaciation
86
Q

what’s a scabland?

A

rough, barren, volcanic topography with thin soils and little vegetation

87
Q

what is desertification?

A

process in which relatively stable and fertile land is destabilized and eventually becomes desert-like

88
Q

what is the magnitude of desertification?

A

(globally, according to the U.N.) approx. 1 million hectares (29.6 million acres) are lost each year due to desertification

89
Q

how many acres of prime agricultural land are lost per year?

A

3.9 to 8.1 million

90
Q

what percent of the population lives within 93 miles of a coastline?

A

44%

91
Q

what are the controls on soil formation?

A
  • climate
  • plants, animals, microorganisms
  • slope and slope aspect
  • time period of weathering
  • parent material
  • human activity
92
Q

what about soil profile?

A

collective horizons

93
Q

what is soil structure?

A

the way soil aggregates

94
Q

what is soil texture?

A

proportion of sand, silt, and clay

95
Q

what are some characteristics of soil?

A

1) soil color
2) soil texture
3) soil structure
4) soil acidity and alkalinity
5) soil pH – measure of acidity or alkalinity of soil

96
Q

what does soil temperature influence?

A

chemical processes
– usually needs to be above 41ºF

97
Q

most common type of soil in Ohio?

A

alfisols

98
Q

what are biotic communities?

A

local associations of plants and animals

99
Q

what are factors that influence biogeography?

A

solar radiation, temperature, water, wind, altitude, fire, insects/parasites, animals, humans

100
Q

what is the impact of mountain pine bark beetle?

A
  • about 4 million acres impacted since 1996 in Rocky Mtn Region
  • reduced CO sequestration, increased fire hazard, reduced effective snow storage
101
Q

how many forest fires a year?

A

70,000

102
Q

what are krummholz?

A

stunted windblown trees growing near the tree line on mountains

103
Q

what’s the pioneer stage?

A

first
after a fire, flood, or clearing
hardy species first to colonize

104
Q

what’s the serial stage?

A
  • each one of the temporary communities
  • advancing towards climax community
105
Q

what is sere?

A

series of communities that follow one another in succession

106
Q

what’s the climax stage?

A

final in ecological succession, brings stability

107
Q

where are more forest fires located?

A

southeast

108
Q

what is ecological succession?

A

sequence of biotic communities moving toward ecosystem stability

109
Q

what are the six major biomes?

A
  • forest (tropical, temperate, coniferous)
  • savanna
  • grassland
  • shrubland
  • desert
  • tundra
110
Q

importance of tropical rainforests?

A
  • 25% of medicines from here
  • help stabilize the world’s climate
  • provide a home to many plants and animals
  • protect against flood, drought, and erosion
  • support indigenous people
111
Q

importance of temperate forests?

A
  • diversity
  • potential for sustainable management
  • carbon sink
  • modulate hydrological processes, nitrogen, and carbon cycles
112
Q

importance of coniferous forests?

A
  • wildlife
  • products like resin, nuts, gums, pulp, paper, lumber
  • snowpack insolation
113
Q

importance of the savannah biome?

A
  • biodiversity (exotic animals/birds)
  • migration corridor
  • world’s largest watersheds
  • help regulate global climate (store carbon)
114
Q

importance of the shrubland biome?

A
  • drought tolerant
  • protect land from erosion
  • stabilize steeper slopes from mass wasting
  • rich habitat
  • carbon storage
115
Q

importance of the grassland biome?

A
  • bison
  • agriculture
  • biochemical cycling
  • carbon storage
  • biodiversity
116
Q

how many bison were there when the USA was first settled?

A

30 million

117
Q

how many bison are there today?

A

about 350,000 (about 15,000 on public lands)

118
Q

importance of the desert biome?

A
  • biodiversity
  • mineral (gypsum, nitrates, potassium, salts, copper, diamonds, bauxite)
  • bioprospecting
  • carbon sinks – even in bacteria on Kalahari sands
119
Q

importance of the tundra biome?

A
  • lumber production
  • resins: fir (glue), hemlock (tan leather)
  • permafrost
120
Q

biggest continental glacier in the world?

A

Antarctica

121
Q

top energy consuming nations?

A

China & USA

122
Q

which country has the most oil usage?

A

Venezuela

123
Q

what is the largest fossil fuel reserve?

A

coal

124
Q

what are the percentages of wind and solar usage in the USA?

A

wind: 10%
solar: 5%

125
Q

what will be the increase in temperature due to climate change?

A

3ºC

126
Q

who are the top energy consuming countries PER CAPITA?

A

Canada
Russia
Saudi Arabia

127
Q

what are the producers of CO2?

A
  • coal
  • oil
  • biomass
128
Q

how many barrels of oil does the US use per day?

A

18 million

129
Q

which countries have natural gas reserves?

A
  • Russia
  • Iran
  • Qatar
  • USA
130
Q

globally, what is the % of solar and wind use?

A

wind: 6%
solar: 3%

131
Q

what countries have lithium reserves?

A
  • Chile
  • Australia
132
Q

expected population in 2050?

A

10 billion

133
Q

what is BRICS and its importance?

A
  • Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
  • will become major energy users
134
Q

according to the 2022 UN report, what are some possible solutions to global warming?

A
  • fix methane gas issue
  • more forests
  • fertilize ocean and plankton
  • capture CO2
  • faster conversion renewables
135
Q

what are entisols?

A

little if any horizon development

136
Q

what are aridisols?

A

soils located in arid climates

137
Q

what are alfisols?

A

deciduous forest soils

138
Q

what are ultisols?

A

extremely weathered soils

139
Q

what are gelisols?

A

soils containing permafrost

140
Q

what are andisols?

A

soils formed in volcanic material

141
Q

what are inceptisols?

A

beginning horizon development

142
Q

what are mollisols?

A

soft, grassland soils

143
Q

what are spodosols?

A

acidic, coniferous forest soils

144
Q

what are oxisols?

A

extremely weathered tropical soils

145
Q

what are histosols?

A

soils formed in organic material

146
Q

what are vertisols?

A

shrinking and swelling clay soils

147
Q

what is rock flour?

A

fine pulverized rock

148
Q

what is till?

A

unconsolidated sediment

149
Q

what is plucking?

A

lifting of rocks and associated movement

150
Q

what is moraine?

A

debris of till at margins of the ice sheet
(medial, terminal, recessional)

151
Q

what is arete?

A

knife-like ridge produced by parallel intersecting glacial trough walls

152
Q

what is a horn?

A

three or more adjacent cirques leaving pointed peek

153
Q

what is a cirque?

A

bowl shaped depression often near the glacial accumulation zone

GEOG 1100 (13 decks)

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