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GEOG 1100 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is meridianal transport of energy?

A

energy carried poleward by ocean and atmospheric systems

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2
Q

what country has had the most tropical cyclones since 1970?

A

China

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3
Q

what can the diameter of a hurricane be?

A

between 100 to 300 mi

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4
Q

what is radiation fog? where do they occur?

A
  • at night when air layer above ground falls below the dew point
  • often occurs in low lying areas
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5
Q

what is advection fog? where does it occur?

A
  • when warm, moist, air mass moves over a cold surface. air cools and dew point is reached
  • often occurs along coastal areas
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6
Q

what are stratiform (stratus) clouds?

A

horizontal development. blanket-like.

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7
Q

what are cirriform (cirrus) clouds?

A

very high-altitude clouds (ice crystal)

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8
Q

what are cumuliform (cumulus) clouds?

A

vertical development

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9
Q

what is the rossby wave?

A

undulations in the jet stream

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10
Q

what percent of the earth is surface water?

A

70%

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11
Q

what percent of the earth’s ocean water salt water?

A

97.2%

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12
Q

what percent of the earth’s water is fresh?

A

2.8%

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13
Q

approx. __% freshwater is in glaciers and ice sheets

A

70%

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14
Q

when the sun is high, it is ___

A

wet

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15
Q

when the sun is low, it is ___

A

dry

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16
Q

what kind of cells are dry tropical climates dominated by?

A

high

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17
Q

who was the first to propose that evidence of much colder temperatures in the past-prehistoric ice ages?

A

Louis Agassig

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18
Q

for the most recent ice age, what was the interval known as?

A

Pleistocene Epoch

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19
Q

what are the characteristics of weather at the equator?

A

wet, warm, convective precipitation, year long rainy season

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20
Q

what is the name of the intense wind aloft in troposphere?

A

jet stream

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21
Q

do oceans have a significant impact on climate?

A

yes!

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22
Q

what is the Hadley Cell?

A

a pattern of atmospheric circulation where warm air rises near the equator, cools as it travels poleward, sinks, and repeats

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23
Q

what kind of pressure system is the Hadley Cell?

A

low-pressure

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24
Q

what are trade winds?

A

winds in the tropics that blow toward the equator

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25
Q

what are monsoons?

A

seasonal wind patterns

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26
Q

what monsoon season occurs during high sun?

A

wet

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27
Q

what monsoon season occurs during low sun?

A

dry

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28
Q

how does the jet stream impact air traffic?

A

main cause of turbulence
can cause planes to travel faster or slower

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29
Q

what is El Nino?

A

a warming of the ocean surface

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30
Q

what are the effects of El Nino?

A

wetter conditions in the Southern US, warmer and drier conditions in the north

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31
Q

what is La Nina?

A

a cooling of the ocean surface

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32
Q

what are the effects of La Nina?

A

hot and dry in the southern US, rainy with potential for flooding in the north

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33
Q

how long is the cycle between El Nino and La Nina?

A

change every 2-7 years

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34
Q

are we currently in a period of El Nino or La Nina?

A

currently in year three of La Nina

35
Q

what is Pacific Decadal Oscillations?

A
  • 20-30 year cycle of warm and cool phases in the ocean
  • has a significant impact on climate
36
Q

what system is used to classify hurricanes?

A

Saffir-Simpson

37
Q

at what point is a tropical storm upgraded to a hurricane?

A

when winds reach above 74 mph

38
Q

what are other names for hurricanes?

A

typhoons and cyclones

39
Q

what state has had the most hurricanes?

A

Florida

40
Q

what percentage of the population in the US uses groundwater as the main source of drinking water?

A

44%

41
Q

what is relative humidity?

A

percent of water vapor relative to the maximum capacity

42
Q

what is specific humidity?

A

specific measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air

43
Q

how is specific humidity measured?

A

g/Kg

44
Q

what is the adiabatic lapse rate?

A

5.5ºF per 1000ft

45
Q

what is the wet adiabatic lapse rate?

A

2.2-4.9ºF per 1000ft

46
Q

what does the wet adiabatic lapse rate depend on?

A

the intensity of precipitation

47
Q

what is the environmental lapse rate?

A

3.5ºF per 1000ft

48
Q

what state has the most hail damage recorded?

A

Texas

49
Q

what is orographic precipitation?

A

precipitation caused by the lifting of moist air over a mountain barrier

50
Q

what is convective precipitation?

A

water vapor in the air condenses into clouds and causes rain (afternoon showers)

51
Q

what is frontal/cyclonic precipitation?

A

caused by a warm/cold front moving into an area

52
Q

what type of fog is most common here?

A

radiation fog

53
Q

what are the three types of clouds?

A

stratus, cumulus, and cirrus

54
Q

what are the variations on cloud types?

A

alto (high/medium height) and nimbus (rain-bearing)

55
Q

what scale is used to measure the intensity or tornadoes?

A

Enhanced Fujita scale

56
Q

what scientist developed the current system of climate classification?

A

Vladimir Koppen in 1918

57
Q

what are some characteristics of wet tropical climates?

A

warm, precipitation all year, lungs of the earth

58
Q

what are some characteristics of wet dry tropics?

A

wet during high sun, dry during low sun

59
Q

what are some characteristics of dry tropics?

A

major deserts of the world, dominated by high pressure systems, stable air

60
Q

what are some characteristics of dry subtropical?

A

poleward extension of dry tropics, greater annual temperature range

61
Q

what are characteristics of humid subtropics?

A

rain throughout the year, south east portion of the country

62
Q

what are characteristics of Mediterranean climate?

A

summer drought, areas bordering Mediterranean sea, central/southern California, wet winter dry summer

63
Q

what are characteristics of marine west coast climate?

A

long, wet winter with storms, along the west coast

64
Q

what are characteristics of dry midlatitudes?

A

great plains/basin, grasslands

65
Q

what are characteristics of moist continental climate?

A

mixed farming, warm/hot summers, 20-45 inches of rainfall

66
Q

what climate is Ohio in?

A

moist continental climate

67
Q

what are characteristics of boreal forest?

A

taiga vegetation, long and cool winters, relatively cool summers

68
Q

what are characteristics of tundra climate?

A

cold all year, permafrost soil

69
Q

what are characteristics of ice sheet climate?

A

extreme cold

70
Q

who was the first scientist to discover past glaciation?

A

Louis Agassiz in 1837

71
Q

when did the most recent ice age begin? when did it end?

A

began 2.6 million years ago
ended 12,000 years ago

72
Q

what epoch are we in?

A

Pleistocene Epoch

73
Q

what are the key developments in dating in the 1950’s?

A

radio-carbon dating and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

74
Q

what is radio-carbon dating?

A

measuring decay of radioactive elements

75
Q

what is Oxygen Isotope Analysis?

A

the type of oxygen isotopes in seawater can be related to temperature

76
Q

what are some causes for climate change?

A

astronomical variations, oceanic circulation, distribution of land mass, asteroids, changes in the atmosphere

77
Q

what are Milankovitch’s three cycles?

A

eccentricity, obliquity/tilt, and precession

78
Q

what is eccentricity?

A

longest cycle, modification of the Earth’s orbit around the sun, shift from elliptical to oval

79
Q

what is obliquity?

A

the tilt of the earth’s axis

80
Q

what does it mean when there is more tilt?

A

there are a greater variation in the mid-high latitudes

81
Q

what does it mean when there is less tilt?

A

cooler summers poleward, more ice

82
Q

what is precession?

A

wobbling of earth’s axis during orbit, effects the orientation

82
Q

what is precession?

A

wobbling of earth’s axis during orbit, effects the orientation

GEOG 1100 (13 decks)

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