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GEOG 1100 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how much of the world’s electricity is generated by hydropower?

A

17%

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2
Q

which country has the largest production of hydroelectricity?

A

China

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3
Q

what is the 100 yr flood?

A

1% chance in any year of a 100-magnitude flood

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4
Q

what are examples of endogenous processes?

A

volcanic and tectonic activities/landscapes

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5
Q

what are examples of exogenous processes?

A

water-related activities, wind, glaciers, slides

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6
Q

how are sequential landforms made?

A

created when exogenous processes wear and shape initial landforms

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7
Q

which country had the most substantial earthquake (in terms of magnitude) in recent history?

A

Chile (1960, 9.5)

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8
Q

what is weathering?

A

all processes causing rock to disintegrate physically or chemically because of exposure at or near the surface

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9
Q

what’s an oxbow lake?

A

meander river channel cut-off occurring during flood stage

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10
Q

how much of the total agriculture water use is affiliated w groundwater?

A

2/3

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11
Q

what unit is common with discharge rates?

A

cubic ft per second

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12
Q

largest carrier of water?

A

Mississippi river

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13
Q

is hydropower consumptive or nonconsumptive?

A

nonconsumptive

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14
Q

is irrigation consumptive or nonconsumptive?

A

consumptive

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15
Q

how old is the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years

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16
Q

what is the broadest age category?

A

eons

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17
Q

what is the most detailed age category?

A

epochs

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18
Q

what are the age categories from broadest to most detailed?

A

eons, eras, periods, epochs, ages

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19
Q

what is the surface of the Earth a reflection of?

A

last 66 million years

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20
Q

is the outer or inner core liquid?

A

outer

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21
Q

what is the outer layer of the mantle?

A

asthenosphere

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22
Q

where is the crust thickest? continents or ocean?

A

continents

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23
Q

what is isostatic adjustment?

A

ongoing movement of land once burdened by ice-age glaciers

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24
Q

what is the makeup of the Earth’s crust? (finest to broadest)

A

elements, minerals, rocks

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25
Q

three major types of rocks?

A

igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

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26
Q

how is igneous rock formed?

A

lava

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27
Q

how is metamorphic rock formed?

A

large amounts of pressure

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28
Q

how is sedimentary rock formed?

A

layers compacted upon layers of rock

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29
Q

smaller volcanoes, generally a mile wide, mostly made up of gravel sizes pyroclastic

A

cinder cone

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30
Q

tall, cone-shaped composite of lava, formed from andesitic rock, lava flows and pyroclastic materials, sometimes explosive

A

composite volcano

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31
Q

gradual slopes, low-viscosity lava, is less explosive

A

shield volcano

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32
Q

volcano with extremely viscous silica rich magma, vent plugs near top of volcanic core, steep sides

A

plug volcano

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33
Q

what is Pahoehoe lava flow?

A

very fluid, rapid flow-develops a ropey texture when hardened

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34
Q

what is AaAa lava flow?

A

great viscosity, slow moving lava, hardened crust breaks into sharp, jagged blocks

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35
Q

what is an example of a shield volcano?

A

Hawaiian Islands

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36
Q

what are examples of composite volcano?

A

Mount Fuji
Vesuvius
Etna
Rainier
Mount St. Helens

37
Q

what are some examples of a volcanic plug?

A

Mount Lassen in CA

38
Q

what is a batholith?

A

a mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust

39
Q

what is a laccolith?

A

a mass of igneous rock that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift in the shape of a dome

40
Q

what is a sill?

A

horizontal sheet of intrusive igneous rock

41
Q

what is a dike?

A

vertical, wall-like igneous intrusion

42
Q

what are the types of fault expressions?

A

normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip

43
Q

what is a normal fault expression?

A

break in the rock strata, one layer drops below the other at a steep angle

44
Q

what is a reverse fault expression?

A

steep angle
one layer pushed over another

45
Q

what is a thrust fault expression?

A

fault line convergence
one rock layer is thrust up an over another
lower angle than reverse

46
Q

what is a strike-slip fault expression?

A

like transform
two pieces are sliding by each other

47
Q

where is the earthquake focus?

A

below the ground

48
Q

where is the epicenter of an earthquake?

A

directly above the focus
on the surface

49
Q

what waves are released from earthquakes?

A

seismic

50
Q

what is mudflow?

A

mud stream, often rapid movement, very dangerous, sometimes linked to quick clays

51
Q

what are the key elements that lead to susceptibility to mass wasting?

A

composition, slope

52
Q

what kind of erosion is caused from a raindrop hitting the water/ground?

A

splash erosion

53
Q

what are deep trenches caused by erosion called?

A

gully erosion

54
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

flowing water in the stream channel moves pebbles and fine grains

55
Q

what is abrasion?

A

mechanical grinding of grains of gravel in a stream channel

56
Q

what is corrosion?

A
  • chemical process of rock weathering
  • water interacts with certain rock elements and minerals to create an acid like reaction
57
Q

what is alluvium?

A

alluvial deposits broken up rock material deposited by water

58
Q

what is a delta?

A

deposition at point where stream/river flows into an ocean or lake

59
Q

what is a braided stream?

A
  • bed load exceeds stream capacity
  • bed load is deposited in the stream channel
60
Q

what percentage of the earth’s land area is covered by glacial ice?

A

10%

61
Q

how much fresh water is in glacial ice?

A

70%

62
Q

what is a drainage basin (watershed)?

A

an area of land which has the potential and slope to direct water into a stream or one of its tributaires

63
Q

what are examples of watersheds and drainage basins?

A

Mississippi drainage basin
Ohio River drainage basin
Hocking River Watershed

64
Q

what are sources of streamflow?

A

rain, snow melts, glacial melt, ground water (throughflow), lakes, swamps

65
Q

what is weathering?

A

all processes causing rock to disintegrate physically or chemically because of exposure at or near the surface

66
Q

what are the two types of weathering?

A

Physical/Mechanical and Chemical

67
Q

what is physical weathering?

A

break-up of large rocks into smaller particles by physical force

68
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A

a chemical change in rock by exposure to atmospheric variables

69
Q

what are examples of chemical weathering?

A

carbonation, oxidation, hydrolysis, and solution

70
Q

what is carbonation weathering?

A

water reacts with calcium carbonates to create an acid that eats away at rocks

71
Q

what is oxidation weathering?

A

also known as rust, dissolved oxygen in water interacts with metallic elements

72
Q

what is hydrolysis weathering

A

chemical union of water and salts form acids-similar to carbonation but with salt

73
Q

what scale is used for earthquakes?

A

richter scale (measured in magnitude)

74
Q

what is the hydrologic cycle?

A

the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system

75
Q

what percentage of the US population uses groundwater?

A

44%

76
Q

what are factors that impact the availability of groundwater?

A

climate, vegetation, soil, bedrock, geological structures/slope, and human activities

77
Q

what is an aquifer?

A

rock mass or layer that readily transmits and holds groundwater; highly porous and permeable

78
Q

what is an artesian well?

A
  • a well drilled into an aquifer under pressure
  • requires no pumping to get water flow
  • uses the pressure of rocks instead
79
Q

what is porosity?

A

void spaces. determines the amount of water than can be stored in a mass of rock or sediment

80
Q

what is permeability?

A

ability to allow water to move through the earth

81
Q

what is infiltration?

A

movement of water into the ground

82
Q

what is a karst?

A

landscape creates when water reacts with calcareous rock and creates a sinkhole or cavern

83
Q

what is a hot spring?

A

an area where groundwater comes in contact with hot rock and magma below the Earth’s surface

84
Q

what are the advantages of hydropower?

A

flexibility, low power costs, reduced carbon dioxide, recreation, and flood control

85
Q

what are the disadvantages of hydropower?

A

ecosystem damage, loss of lands, siltation, relocation/eminent domain

86
Q

what is discharge?

A

the amount of water passing a specific point on the stream per unit time

87
Q

what is turbidity?

A

clarity or muddiness of water; affects the ability of sunlight to penetrate

88
Q

what is the most common element in the Earth’s crust?

A

oxygen (47%)

GEOG 1100 (13 decks)

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