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anatomy > exam 4 digestive system > Flashcards

exam 4 digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract

A

tube that extends from mouth to anus

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2
Q

what organs compose the GI tract

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
anus
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3
Q

what is peristalsis

A

contraction waves in esophagus

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4
Q

digestion definition

A

process of breaking down food into small fragments

  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
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5
Q

absorption definition

A

water and food molecules pass through GI lymphatics and blood vessels

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6
Q

functions of the digestive system

A

digestion
absorption
eliminates waste

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7
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs

A 
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
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8
Q

describe the components of the peritoneum

A

parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal wall
visceral peritoneum: covers abdominal organs
peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

how is the digestive system controlled

A

autonomic nervous system

  • parasympathetic
  • sympathetic
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10
Q

how does the parasympathetic NS interact with GI tract

A

stimulates/increases GI tract

“rest and digest”

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11
Q

how does the sympathetic NS interact with the GI tract

A

inhibits/decreases GI tract

“fight or flight”

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12
Q

oral cavity contains what type of cell tissue

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

describe and number the teeth in each quadrant

A 
total of 32
Incisors (2)
Canines (1)
Premolars (2)
Molars (3)
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14
Q

how does the number of adult teeth differ from the number of kids teeth

A

32 vs 20 teeth

0 premolars and only 1 molar in each quadrant

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15
Q

the tongue is is covered by what tissue?

A

skeletal muscle covered with stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

CN IX innervates what part of the tongue

A

posterior taste and sensory

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17
Q

CN VII innervates what part of the tongue

A

anterior taste

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18
Q

CN V innervates what part of the tongue

A

anterior sensory

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19
Q

what exactly is the hard palate

A

anterior 2/3 of palate, bony

composed of maxilla and palatine bones

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20
Q

what exactly is the soft palate

A

posterior 1/3 of palate, formed from skeletal muscle

uvula is attached

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21
Q

function of the soft palate

A

rises to close off nasopharynx when we swallow

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22
Q

the parotid gland is innervated by

A

CN IX

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23
Q

sublingual and submandibular glands are innervated by

A

CN VII

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24
Q

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandicular
sublingual

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25
Q

functions of saliva

A
  • dissolves food molecules so they can be tasted
  • aids in compacting a bolus
  • cleanses mouth
  • chemical digestion of carbohydrates
  • lysozymes and antibodies in saliva inhibit bacterial growth
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26
Q

what is the pharynx

A

muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth, to larynx and esophagus

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27
Q

funciton of the pharynx

A

skeletal muscle helps us “voluntarily” propel stuff from the mouth to the esophagus

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28
Q

which parts of the pharynx conducts both air and food

A

oropharynx and larynopharynx

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29
Q

what type of cells line the nasopharynx

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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30
Q

what type of cells line the oro-/laryngopharynx

A

nonkeratinized squamous epithelium

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31
Q

list the order of the layers in the pharynx from inner

A 
lumen
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
advetitia and serosa
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32
Q

describe the mucosa of the pharynx

A
  • innermost tunic
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae: think layer of smooth muscle
33
Q

describe the submucosa of the pharynx

A
  • CT

- contains major blood vessels

34
Q

describe the muscularis of the pharynx

A
  • typically contains 2 layers of smooth muscle tissue
    + inner circular layer
    + outer longitudinal layer
  • responsible for peristalsis
35
Q

describe the serosa or adventitia of the pharynx

A
  • outermost layer
  • serosa= visceral peritoneum and areolar CT
  • adventitia= areolar CT only
36
Q

function of the esophagus

A

propel food to the stomach

37
Q

describe the anatomy of the esophagus

A

muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach

38
Q

describe the mucosa of the esophagus

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

describe the muscularis of the esophagus

A

2 layers of muscle

  • upper 1/3: skeletal only
  • middle 1/3: skeletal and smooth
  • lower 1/3: smooth only
40
Q

function of the stomach

A

churns food and mixes it with gastric juices to break it down into chyme

41
Q

location of the stomach

A

connects esophagus and duodenum in the upper left part of abdomen

42
Q

describe the mucosa of the stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium

  • contains gastric pits
  • contains gastric glands, branching off
43
Q

describe the muscularis of the stomach

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

  • innermost oblique
  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
44
Q

function of small intestine

A
  • finishes the chemical digestion process

- absorbs most of all nutrients

45
Q

describe the 3 portions of the small intestine

A

duodenum:
- receives chyme from stomach
jejunum:
- 2nd part
ileum:
- connects to cecum of large intestine

46
Q

describe the duodenum

A
  • c-shaped

- receives bile and enzymes from liver and pancreas through duodenal papilla

47
Q

describe the jejunum

A
  • 3/5 of remaining small intestine

- huge surface area

48
Q

describe the ileum

A
  • last 2/5 of small intestine

- still some folds but MALT (lymphatic structure)

49
Q

what type of tissue is the SI mucosa composed of

A

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

50
Q

why is there circular fold in the mucosa and submucosa in the SI

A
  • increase surface area of SI through which nutrients can be absorbed
  • slow down chyme and allow it to mix intestinal juices, allowing time for full nutrient absorption
51
Q

where can villi be found within the SI

A

circular folds of the mucosa

52
Q

function of the villi

A
  • help increase surface area

- provide greater distance for materials to be ingested and absorbed

53
Q

what are within the centers of the villus

A

blood vessels and a lacteal, which absorbs lipids

54
Q

function of large intestine

A

absorption of water and electrolytes

- storage of undigested materials until it can be expelled from the body

55
Q

describe the cecum

A

connects to ileum

  • lower right part of abdomen
  • vermiform appendices attach here
56
Q

describe the ascending colon

A

right side of the body

57
Q

describe the transverse colon

A

runs from the right to left side of body

58
Q

describe the descending colon

A

left side of body

59
Q

describe the sigmoid colon

A

in pelvic cavity, s-shaped

60
Q

describe the rectum and anal canal

A

terminal portion of large intestine

- feces leave anal canal through anus

61
Q

describe the mucosa of the LI

A

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

62
Q

describe the muscularis of the LI

A

2 layers of smooth muscle

  • outer longitudinal layers consists of teniae coli
  • results in haustra: bubble/pouches
63
Q

function of the liver

A
  • produces and secretes bile (aids lipid digestion)

- processes products of digestion (+alcohol and drugs)

64
Q

describe the anatomy of the liver

A

right lobe
left lobe
quadrate lobe
caudate lobe

65
Q

what are the portal triads

A
  • branch of hepatic portal vein
  • branch of hepatic artery
  • branch of bile duct
66
Q

describe the blood flow in the liver

A
  • veins bring nutrients to liver
  • artery brings oxygen to liver
  • flow from corners to central vein
67
Q

what is the direction of bile production in the liver

A

bile produced goes away from central vein

68
Q

function of gallbladder

A

stores bile secretion by liver

69
Q

location of gallbladder

A

underneath liver

70
Q

location of pancreas

A

behind stomach

71
Q

function of acinar cells

A

secrete pancreatic juice, which leaves via pancreatic duct

72
Q

what is the biliary apparatus

A

network of “tubes” that transports bile and pancreatic juices to duodenum

73
Q

left and right hepatic ducts come together to form the ?

A

common hepatic duct

74
Q

cystic duct and common hepatic duct unite to for the?

A

common bile duct

75
Q

what is the arterial supply to GI tract

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
76
Q

main 4 veins of GI tract

A
  • splenic vein
  • superior mesenteric vein
  • inferior mesenteric vein
  • hepatic portal vein
77
Q

function of hepatic portal system

A

veins that drain blood from GI tract directly to liver

78
Q

function of hepatocytes

A

processes blood from hepatic portal vein in the liver, which leaves via hepatic veins to the inferior vena cava

anatomy (15 decks)

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