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anatomy > exam 2 -brain > Flashcards

exam 2 -brain Flashcards

1
Q

the brain is composed of

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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2
Q

brainstem consists of

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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3
Q

function of medulla oblongata

A

Is a relay center for sensory input and motor input

  • also responsible for many basic reflex actions
  • contains pyramids, autonomic nervous system center, interior part of 4th ventricle
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4
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

not part of the brainstem

  • concerned with higher motor and sensory functions
  • left and right cerebellar hemispheres
  • contains cerebellar peduncles
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5
Q

pyramids

A

bilateral ridges on anterior side

  • contain only motor neurons
  • most axons cross over to the other side (decussate)
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6
Q

autonomic nervous system center is composed of

A

cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center

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7
Q

what is the cardiac center

A

regulates heart rate and strength of contraction

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8
Q

what is the vasomotor center

A

constricts and dilates arterioles

  • regulates blood pressure
  • constrict = raise pressure
  • dilate = lower pressure
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9
Q

what is the respiratory center

A

regulates breathing rate

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10
Q

what is the pons

A
  • middle portion of brainstem
  • composed of groups of axons
  • attains: Pontine respiratory center and superior part of 4th ventricle
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11
Q

function of pontine respiratory center

A

helps control Raye and depth of breathing

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12
Q

Describe the location of the superior part of the 4th ventricle

A

continuous with cerebral aqueduct

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

Superior part of the brainstem that connects the brainstem to the diencephalon
- contains tectal plate, cerebral peduncles, and cerebral aqueducts

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14
Q

What is the tectal plate

A

posterior aspect of midbrain

Subdivided it into: Superior and inferior colliculi

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15
Q

Function of superior colliculi

A

visual reflex centers

- coordinates head and eye movements to sudden image

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16
Q

function of inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflex centers

- coordinates head and eye movements to sudden sound

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17
Q

what are cerebral peduncles

A

groups of axons on anterior side of midbrain

  • motor axons only
  • conduct nerve impulses between cerebrum and brainstem
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18
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct

A

connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle

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19
Q

what are the cerebellar peduncles

A

group of axons

  • inferior cerebellar peduncles
  • middle cerebellar peduncles
  • superior cerebellar peduncles
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20
Q

location purpose of inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

connect medulla oblongata to cerebellum

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21
Q

location purpose of middle cerebellar peduncles

A

connect pons to cerebellum

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22
Q

location purpose of superior cerebellar peduncles

A

connect midbrain to cerebellum

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23
Q

what is the function of cerebellar peduncles

A
  • “fine tunes” skeletal muscle movement
  • maintains balance
  • assists cerebrum in regulation of behavioral expression, cognitive skills, language retrieval
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24
Q

what part of the brain initiates movement?

A

cerebrum

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25
Q

how do alcohol and drugs play a role in the cerebrum

A
  • uncoordinated (ataxia)
  • loss of balance and posture
  • inability to detect info (finger to nose with eyes closed)
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26
Q

order of cranial meninges from deepest to most superior

A 
pia mater
-subarachniod space
arachniod mater
dura mater
-inner meningeal layer
-outer periosteal layer
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27
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses

A
  • large veins that drain blood from the brain
  • between inner meningeal and outer periosteal layers of dura
  • vein walls are formed from the dura mater
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28
Q

purpose of CSF

A
  • provides buoyancy for brain and spinal cord

- maintains chemical environment

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29
Q

when and where is CSF made?

A

produced continuously in the ventricles of the brain–chord plexus

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30
Q

ventricular system consists of

A
  • left and right lateral ventricles
  • 3rd ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • 4th ventricle
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31
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle found in the brain

A

space in diencephalon that connects each lateral ventricle via an interventricular foramen

32
Q

where is the left and right lateral ventricles located

A

in respective left and right hemispheres

33
Q

where is the cerebral aqueduct located

A

midbrain

34
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located

A

pons and medulla oblongata

35
Q

describe the flow of the CSF in the brain

A 
lateral ventricles-->
interventricular foramen -->
3rd ventricle -->
cerebral aqueduct -->
4th ventricle -->
subarachniod space (circulates here)
36
Q

what is the arachnoid villi

A

extensions of the arachniod mater that project into dural venous sinus

37
Q

what happens if there is built up pressure of CSF

A

pressure opens flap in arachnaoid villi and pushes excess into blood stream of dural venous sinuses

38
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

subdivision in the brain completely surrounded by cerebrum

  • superior to midbrain
  • attaches to pituitary gland
39
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • 3rd ventricle
40
Q

what is the 3rd ventricle and its purpose

A
  • space in diencephalon formed from the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
  • produces CSF
41
Q

what is the pineal gland

A

produces melatonin and regulates circadiam rhythm

  • overseen by hypothalamus
  • melatonin levels are higher in the night than day
42
Q

what is the thalamus and its function

A
  • 2 oval masses of gray matter, covered with white matter

- function is to relay point and processing center for all sensory impulses running to cerebrum (sensory info filter)

43
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A 
autonomic nervous system control
body temp regulation
water and electrolyte balance
regulation of hunger/food intake
regulation of sleep-wake cycles
control of emotional behavior
44
Q

how does the hypothalamus oversee the endocrine system center

A

produces hormones secreted by posterior (2) and anterior pituitary

45
Q

function of endocrine system

A

secretes hormones into the blood

46
Q

function of oxytocin and antidiurectic

A

oxytocin–reproductive system

antidiurectic–tells kidneys to concentrate urine

47
Q

how does the hypothalamus help body temp regulation

A

controls temp of blood in blood vessels by releasing/conserving heat

48
Q

how does the hypothalamus control water and electrolyte balance

A
  • “thirst center”

- examines blood for for water/electrolyte balance

49
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate hunger/ food intake

A

“hunger/satiety center”

examines blood for glucose levels

50
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate sleep-wake cycles

A
  • regulates pineal gland’s secretion of melatonin

- recognition of light/darkness

51
Q

how does hypothalamus control emotional behavior

A

express emotional feelings as physical changes (e.g. blushing)

52
Q

overall function of cerebrum

A

higher brain functions

53
Q

describe how how the white and gray matter is organized in the cerebral cortex

A

gray- outer layer (cerebral cortex)

white- inner matter

54
Q

cerebrum structure

A
  • 2 cerebral hemispheres

- 5 lobes

55
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

axons that connect L and R hemispheres

57
Q

what is the gyrus

A

raised/elevated area of cortex

58
Q

what is the sulcus

A

depression/groove between gyri

59
Q

frontal lobe attains?

A

separates frontal from parietal lobes

  • motor speech area
  • primary motor cortex
60
Q

parietal lobe attains?

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex

- wernickle area

61
Q

temporal lobe attains?

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • wernicke area
  • primary olfactory cortex
62
Q

occipital lobe attains?

A

primary visual cortex

63
Q

insula attains?

A
  • memory

- primary gustatory cortex

64
Q

what is the motor speech area

A
  • on left frontal
  • controls muscular movements needed for speech
  • if damaged: physically unable to speak
65
Q

what is the primary motor complex

A
  • located in precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe
  • controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement
  • left primary motor complex controls right muscles(vice versa)
66
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • located in post-central gyrus of each parietal lobe

- receives sensory input from skin, muscles, and joints

67
Q

what is the wernicke area

A
  • overlaps areas in both parietal and temporal lobe
  • speech comprehension area
  • helps understand written/spoken language
  • if damaged: can speak, but its gibberish
68
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex

A

receives and processes incoming sounds

69
Q

what is the primary olfactory cortex

A

processes smell info and provides conscious awareness of smells

70
Q

what is the primary visual cortex

A

receiving and processing incoming visual info

71
Q

what is the primary gustatory cortex

A

processing taste info

72
Q

receptor definition

A

structure that converts a sensory stimulus to a nerve impulse, where it goes to the CNS

73
Q

how are receptors classified

A
  • stimulus location
  • receptor distribution
  • modality of stimulus
74
Q

what are exteroceptors

A
  • near surface of the body
  • stimuli from outside environment
  • some are cutaneous receptor (skin)
  • some are in special sense
75
Q

what are interoceptors (visceroceptors)

A

primarily stretch receptors in smooth muscle viscera

76
Q

what are proprioceptors

A
  • provides info about muscles, joints, tendons

- cerebellum receives and integrates proprioceptive info

anatomy (15 decks)

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