exam 3 blood and blood vessels

Question 1

what is the ground substance of blood

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

what are the 3 things that make up blood

Answer 2

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 3

what are the functions of blood

Answer 3

transportation 
  -oxygen/carbon dioxide 
  -nutrients
  -waste products
  -hormones
regulation
  -temp
  -pH
  -fluid levels
protection

Question 4

blood composition

Answer 4

plasma ~55% (water, proteins, solutes)
buffy coat < 1% (platelets, leukocytes)
erythrocytes

Question 5

function and characteristics of eythrocytes

Answer 5

function: transport oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells
- shaped like biconcave discs
- anucleated
- filled with hemoglobin

Question 6

function and size of leukocytes

Answer 6

larger than erythrocytes

function: help the body fight against disease

Question 7

list the leukocytes in order of prominence

Answer 7

neutrophil
lymphocytes 
monocyte
eoeinophil
basophil

Question 8

characteristics and function of neutrophils

Answer 8

• most numerous type
• cytoplasm has fine pale granules
• nucleus is multi-lobed
  function: phagocytize pathogens, esp bacteria

Question 9

characteristics of lymphocytes

Answer 9

• cytoplasm lacks granules
• contain large, round dark purple nucleus
• thin ring of pale blue cytoplasm
• most located in lymphatic tissues

Question 10

functions of the different types of lymphocytes

Answer 10

T-lymphocytes: coordinate immune activity
b-lymphocytes: produce antibodies
Natural killer cells: attack pathogens and abnormal cells

Question 11

characteristics and function of monocytes

Answer 11

• largest leukocytes
• cytoplasm lacks (visible) granules
• pale blue cytoplasm
• C-shaped nucleus
• few in blood bc go to other organs
  function: phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead cells

Question 12

characteristics and function of eosinophils

Answer 12

• cytoplasm contains prominent granules that stain reddish
• nucleus is bi-lobed
  function: phagocytize allergens and destroy parasitic worms

Question 13

characteristics and function of basophil

Answer 13

• makes up less than 1% of all leukocytes
• cytoplasm contains big granules that stain blue/purple
• bilobed nucleus
  function: release histamine and heparin during inflammatory or allergic reactions

Question 14

characteristics and function of platelets

Answer 14

function: assist with blood clotting if there is a hole in the vessel
- cytoplasmic fragments from a larger cell
- anucleate
- very small

Question 15

function of arteries

Answer 15

take blood away from the heart to other tissues

• transport blood high in oxygen
• relatively thick, springy wall
• blood pressure higher in arteries than in veins

Question 16

what is the exception of blood flow direction of arteries and veins

Answer 16

pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 17

function of veins

Answer 17

take blood back to the heart

• transport blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide
• walls are much thinner and collapsible
• lumen generally larger than arteries
• lower blood pressure

Question 18

function of capillaries

Answer 18

• connect arteries and veins

- gas/nutrient exchange occurs here

Question 19

describe the pathway of blood

Answer 19

heart –> elastic arteries –> muscular arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> heart

Question 20

what are the layers of blood vessels from most superficial to deep

Answer 20

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

Question 21

describe tunica media

Answer 21

• circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers
• largest layer in arteries
• sympathetic innervation typically causes vasoconstriction

Question 22

describe tunica externa

Answer 22

• areolar CT

- largest layer in veins

Question 23

describe tunica intima

Answer 23

• endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
• areolar CT
• always very thin

Question 24

describe elastic arteries

Answer 24

vessel wall contains large amounts of elastic protein fibers

Question 25

describe muscular arteries

Answer 25

less elastic fibers, more smooth muscle in the tunica media

Question 26

describe arterioles

Answer 26

• tunic media contains 6 or fewer layers of smooth muscle

- smallest of the arteries

Question 27

what is the composition of capillaries

Answer 27

• vessel diameter is only slightly larger than diameter of erythrocytes
• only have tunica intima

Question 28

function of venules

Answer 28

collect blood from capillaries

Question 29

composition of veins

Answer 29

• formed when venules unite
• most veins have valves to prevent backflow
• muscular pumps also help blood be pushed on veins toward heart