Exam 4: Digestive System Flashcards
Peptic Ulcers are spread
by fecal-oral contamination
what can worsen peptic ulcer symptoms?
stress
Gastroenteritis is
inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by bacteria
Gastroenteritis can be associated with
contaminated food and water
General Symptoms of Gastroenteritis
nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps
campylobacter diarrhea causes
bloody and frequent diarrhea (10+ times a day) that can last 7-10 days
pathogen causing campylobacter diarrhea
campylobacter jejuni
Most common causative organism of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US
campylobacter jejuni
infection of campylobacter is caused by
humans consuming contaminated food, milk or water. Poultry is the most common source of the infection
prevention of campylobacter diarrhea
proper hygiene after handling raw poultry and cooking poultry throughly (165 degrees)
E. Coli infection causes
watery diarrhea
pathogen causing E.coli
escherichia coli
E.Coli can be called _____ in underdeveloped countries
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Gastroenteritis is the #1 disease that ________ causes
E.Coli
The #1 pathogen causing gastroenteritis is
Campylobacter Jejuni
Transmission of E.coli infection
fecal-oral, from consumption of undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk/ fruit juice contaminated with feces
Treatment of E.coli
based on symptoms but antidiarrheal drugs can prolong the symptoms
Prevention of E.coli
hand washing
2 diseases making up salmonellosis
- Acute bacterial gastroenteritis
- Typhoid fever (enteric fever)
Acute bacterial gastroenteritis results from
food borne infection/ intoxication
Typhoid Fever (enteric fever) results from
bacterial invasion of the blood stream
Acute bacterial gastroenteritis is also known as
Salmonella food poisoning
Symptom of salmonella food poisoning
non bloody diarrhea
Symptom of Typhoid fever
peritonitis (caused by the bacteria perforating the intestinal wall)
Pathogen causing Salmonellosis
multiple Salmonella enterica serotypes
Serotypes causing typhoid fever
Thyphi and Paratyphi
Serotypes causing food poisoning
Entertidis and Typhimurium
Salmonella food poisoning is acquired by consuming
contaminated eggs, poultry, or inadequately pasteurized milk
Typhoid fever is acquired by
contaminated food or water
Treatment of salmonella food poisoning
self-limiting, treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement
prevention of salmonellosis
proper hygiene, avoiding raw eggs (especially if unpasteurized)
Shigellosis AKA
bacillary dysentery
Symptoms of Shigellosis
blood, pus, or mucus in stools
4 species of shigella causing bacillary dysentery
S. Sonnei (2/3 US)
S. Flexneri (1/3 US)
S. Dysenteriae
S. Boydii
Shigella produces ___ toxin that induces diarrhea
shiga toxin
Transmission of shigellosis
fecal-oral route by ingesting bacteria from contaminated hands or consuming contaminated foods (cold foods and prepared salads)
prevention of shigellosis
hand washing, especially after handling diapers
cholera causes
explosive water diarrhea and vomiting
more severe cases of Cholera can result in
death
pathogen causing cholera
vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae produces ____ toxin and is the only vibrio that can survive in _____
produces cholera toxin; can survive in freshwater, MC vibrio to infect humans
Transmission of Cholera
fecal-oral route by ingesting contaminated food and water
diagnosis of Cholera
based on presence of rice-water stools
Severe cases of Antimicrobial-Associated Diarrhea develop
pseudomembranous colitis
pseudomembranous colitis
large sections of the colon slough off, can perforate the colon and its life-threatening
clostridium difficile causes
anti-microbial-associated diarrhea
Trigger of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea
any antimicrobial can trigger the disease
treatment of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea
probiotics are helpful in reducing C. Dif and other antibiotic-induced diarrhea
pathogen causing staphylococcal food poising
staphylococcus aureus
transmission of staphylococcal food poisoning
eating contaminated food (foods made by hand, require no cooking, salty) examples are sliced deli meat, puddings, some pastries and sandwiches
clostridial food poisoning symptoms
NO fever or N/V, benign infection lasting less than 24 hours
clostridial food poisoning is caused by
clostridium perfringens
transmission of clostridial food poisoning
eating contaminated meat
symptoms of peptic ulcers
abdominal pain
duodenal ulcers are ____ by food
relieved
gastric ulcers are _____ by food
exacerbated
pathogen causing peptic ulcers
helicobacter pylori
Yersinia food poisoning is passed by
contaminated pork
Yersinia food poisoning often mimics a ____ and is common in ____
mimics an appendicitis, common in kids
Bacillus cereus food poisoning AKA
Fried Rice Syndrome
Bacillus cereus food poisoning is found in ___ dishes that have been _________
rice dishes that have been cooked and then held sat a warm temperature for a long time
Mumps is a
viral disease
Special symptoms of Mumps
- Parotitis- enlargement of parotid glands
2. Orchitis- inflammation of the testes
Spread of Mumps
respiratory droplets or fomites contaminated with infected saliva
People infected with mumps develop a
lifelong immunity
Vaccine for mumps
MMR
Pathogens causing Viral Gastroenteritis
Norovirus, Astrovirus, and Rotavirus
Viral gastroenteritis is spread
via fecal-oral route
Norovirus causes
90% of viral gastroenteritis
Norovirus is the #1 cause of
food borne illness in the US
Norovirus is considered an
emerging disease
Astrovirus causes gastroenteritis with ____ but no ___
diarrhea but no vomiting
Rotavirus is the most common cause of ______
infantile gastroenteritis
Rotavirus causes _____ in developing countries
significant number of deaths
Treatment of rotavirus
a vaccine is available
Major sign of viral hepatitis
jaundice
Hepatitis A is _____ to common household disinfectants and does not cause _______
resistant; does not cause chronic liver illness and a complete recovery occurs most of the time
Transmission of Hepatitis A
fecal-oral route
Treatment of Hepatitis A
vaccine available
Hep B can cause _______ and a confection with Hepatitis D will______
severe liver damage; confection increases risk of permanent liver damage
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is associated with
liver cancer
Transmission of Hepatitis B
spread through infected needles, sexual intercourse, and passage to babies during childbirth
(blood, bonking, babies)
Hepatitis C causes a ___ infection
chronic
Transmission of Hepatitis C
needles, organ transplants, blood transfusions, and sexual activity
Treatment of hepatitis C
none for a long time but there are new drugs on the market that take 12 weeks to treat someone
Hepatitis D does not attach to ____- cells so it is a _____ virus
doesn’t attach to liver cells so it is a satellite virus that must connect with Hep B
(dependent)
transmission of Hepatitis D
bodily fluids: sexual activity and contaminated needles
Treatment of hepatitis D
no vaccine
Hepatitis E AKA
enteric hepatitis
Hep E is fatal in 20% of
pregnant women
Transmission of Hepatitis E
fecal-oral Route
Giardiasis is a ______ and also known as _____ fever
protozoan disease and known as beaver fever
Giardiasis symptom
“rotten egg” smelling stools
Giardiasis is one of the most common ______ in the US
waterborne gastrointestinal diseases
Giardiasis causes an infection by
ingesting cysts in contaminated water or when swimming
This is why humans and pets shouldn’t drink unfiltered stream or river water
Duodenal ulcer ___ by food
Relieved
Gastric ulcer __ by food
Exacerbated
Symptom of Cryptosporidiosis
Diarrhea that lasts up to 2 weeks
Cryptosporidiosis is spread by
drinking contaminated water and fecal-oral transmission
Most common type of amebiasis is _______ and it is ______
luminal amebiasis (90% of cases) is asymptomatic and
pathogen causing amebiasis
entamoeba histolytica
Transmission of Amebiasis
ingestion of cysts by consuming contaminated food or water, contaminated hands, or oral-anal intercourse
Pathogen causing Cyclosporiasis
cyclospora cayetanensis
Spread of Cyclosporiasis
- ingestion of oocytes in contaminated food or drink
- raspberries
considered an emerging disease
Tapeworms are usually _____ but may cause ______ and an ____
asymptomatic; weight loss; intestinal blockage if the tapeworm is large enough
Taenia Saginata
beef tapeworm
Taenia Solium
pork tapeworm
Humans become infected by tapeworms by
consuming raw or undercooked meat containing cysts
Proglottids
segments of tapeworm that are found in fecal samples or in contaminated meat
Pathogen known as “fish or broad tapeworm”
Diphyllobothrium latum
Infection caused by fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothriasis
Diphyllobothriasis
80% asymptomatic, may cause unexplained weight loss and in severe cases megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothriasis is spread by
consuming raw or undercooked freshwater fish
walleye pike, salmon, trout, perch, minnows
Pathogen known as the canine tapeworm
echinococcus granulosus
Canine tapeworms form _________ found primarily in the _____
hydatid cysts found mostly in the liver
Canine tapeworm is transmitted by
consuming food or water contaminated by dog feces
Ascariasis infections are mostly ______ but severe cases can result in _______
asymptomatic; severe cases can cause complete intestinal obstruction and become fatal
Ascaris lumbricoides
pathogen causing Ascariasis and is the largest nematode to infect humans
Ascariasis is the
most common nematode infection of humans worldwide but is not common in the U.S.
Hookworm is the
2nd most common helminthic in the US and world wide
Hookworms can cause chronic
anemia, iron, and protein deficiencies
Ground itch
an itchy site where the larvae penetrates the body
2 hookworms that infect humans
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- Necator americanus
Transmission of hookworms
larvae penetrate the skin, usually the foot
Prevention of hookworms
wearing shoes in endemic areas
Pinworms cause
perianal itching
Pathogen causing pinworms
enterobius vermicularis a nematode
Dracunculiasis
Guinea worm disease
pathogen causing Guinea worm disease
Dracunculus medinesis
