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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Abscesses

A

Pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection

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2
Q

Location of abscesses

A

Skin surface and deeper structures of the skin

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3
Q

Furuncle

A

Large, painful, raised nodular extension of folliculitis

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4
Q

Several furuncles that extend deep into tissues and involve multiple organs/systems

A

Carbuncle

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5
Q

Skin abscess involving the hair follicle

A

Folliculitis

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6
Q

Folliculitis at the eyelid base

A

Sty

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7
Q

Characteristics of abscesses

A

Swollen, red, itching, burning,

May drain pus, blood or both

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8
Q

Most common pathogen found on the skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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9
Q

Most common pathogen to cause infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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10
Q

Epidemiology of abscesses

A
  1. Direct contact/ fomites
  2. Often auto-inoculation and/or opportunistic
  3. Toxins contribute to virulence
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11
Q

Drug resistant strains

A

MRSA and VRSA

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12
Q

Emerging Diseases

A

A new disease that not much is known about but it is worrisome

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13
Q

Diagnosis of drug resistant strains

A

Isolation of bacteria in grapelike clusters from pus

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14
Q

Prevention of drug resistant strains

A

Hand washing and proper procedures in hospitals to minimize MRSA/ VRSA

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15
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Cause of hot tub folliculitis

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16
Q

Hot tub folliculitis

A

Appears as small “pimples” on stomach, buttocks, arms, and legs betweeen 6 hours and 5 days after using a poorly chlorinated hot tub

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17
Q

Treatment of hot tub folliculitis

A

Goes away on its own in 7-10 days

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18
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

A

Redding of skin begins near mouth, spreads over entire body. Large blisters containing fluid form. After 2 days skin begins to peel off in sheets

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19
Q

Exfoliative toxins

A

Excreted by 5% of staphylococcus aureus

Causes skin to fall off

Causes SSSS

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20
Q

SSSS common in

A

Infants and children less than 5

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21
Q

Transition of SSSS

A

Person to person spread of bacteria

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22
Q

Diagnosis of SSSS

A

Sloughing of skin

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23
Q

Treatment of SSSS

A

Antibiotics, usually hospitalized and put in the burn unit

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24
Q

Prevention of SSSS

A

Difficult because staphylococcus aureus is widespread

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25
Q

Impetigo AKA

A

Pyoderma

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26
Q

Impetigo

A

Small, flattened red patches on face and limbs.

Patches turn into pus-filled vesicles that break and secrete honey-colored, sticky crust

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27
Q

those at risk of impetigo

A

Children

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28
Q

Erysipelas

A

Fiery red rash with raised borders on face, arms, or legs

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29
Q

Skin presenting red, hot, with sharply defined raised areas

A

Erysipelas

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30
Q

Pathogen of impetigo

A

S. Aureus - 80%

Streptococcus pyogenes- 20%

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31
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Causes 20% of impetigo and most cases of erysipelas

Most dangerous streptococcus

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32
Q

Transmission of impetigo and erysipelas

A

Person to person or fomites

Bacteria invades compromised skin

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33
Q

Ages effected by impetigo

A

Children 2-5 years old

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34
Q

Erysipelas common in

A

Infants, young children, elderly patients

MC in ages 60-80

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35
Q

Diagnosis of impetigo

A

Presence of vesicles filled with bacteria and WBCs

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36
Q

Erysipelas appears on _______ most commmonly in adults

A

Legs

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37
Q

“Flesh-eating bacteria”

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

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38
Q

Streptococci secrete _____ and _____ that destroys tissues

A

Enzymes and toxins

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39
Q

Spread of necrotizing fasciitis

A

Begin as painful large, purple-red blisters. Destroys muscle and fat tissue and spreads along fascia

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40
Q

Most common cause of necrotizing fasciitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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41
Q

Causes toxemia and failure of organs

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

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42
Q

Fatality rate of necrotizing fasciitis

A

> 50%

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43
Q

Treatment of necrotizing fasciitis

A

IV antibiotics, surgery, and often amputation

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44
Q

Dead and dying bacteria and sebum block the pore

A

Blackhead

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45
Q

Accumulation of colonizing bacteria and sebum

A

Whitehead

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46
Q

Cystic acne

A

Severe inflammation of the hair follicle causing pustule formation and rupture.

Often resolved by scar tissue

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47
Q

Propionibacterium acnes

A

Pathogen of acne

Causes 85% of acne in adolescent and young adults

48
Q

Treatment of acne

A

Often requires not treatment

Antimicrobial drugs can help control (long-term tetracycline)

49
Q

Disease spread by scratch or bite from an infected cat

A

Cat scratch disease

50
Q

Signs/ symptoms of cat scratch disease

A
  1. Bump or blister at site of injury
  2. Lymph node selling near site of injury
  3. Fatigue, fever, headache,malaise
51
Q

Bartonella henselae

A

Cat scratch disease pathogen

52
Q

Virulence factor of cat scratch disease

A

Endotoxins

53
Q

Pseudomonas infection

A
  • Fever and chills
  • purulent matter in wounds
  • pyocyanin causes tissue damage
54
Q

Pyocyanin

A

Blue-green pigment in wounds

55
Q

Opportunistic infection in 2/3 of all burn victims

A

Pseudomonas infection

56
Q

Pathogen of pseudomonas infection

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

57
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa found in

A

Soil, decaying matter, moist environments

Survives in hot environments

58
Q

Bacteria that kills cells, destroys tissue triggers shock

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

59
Q

Non-itchy spotted rash on truck and appendages on soles and palms and fever, headache, chills, nausea

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

60
Q

Severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Respiratory, CNS, GI, and renal system failure and can be fatal

61
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

62
Q

Reservoir of rickettsia rickettsii

63
Q

Transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Via tick (vector) bite to humans

64
Q

Most common time Rocky Mountain spotted fever is reported

A

Summer months (June and July)

65
Q

Unique rash on soles of feet and palms of hands

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

66
Q

Diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Early diagnosis important.

5% of patients die even it treatment

67
Q

A painless raised nodule that changes into a painless, swollen, black, crusty ulcer

A

Cutaneous anthrax

68
Q

Eschar

A

Painless, swollen, black, crusty ulcer formed with cutaneous anthrax

69
Q

Toxemia in cutaneous anthrax caused by

A

Anthrax being released into blood

70
Q

Pathogen of cutaneous anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

Can form endospore

71
Q

Spread of cutaneous anthrax

A

Direct contact with anthrax spores

-from infected animals or animal products including hair, wool, or hides

72
Q

Intense pain, necrosis of infected skin and muscle, foul-smelling, gaseous, bacterial waste products

A

Gas gangrene

73
Q

Gas gangrene can cause what within 1 week?

A

Shock, kidney failure, and death

74
Q

Pathogen causing gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

75
Q

Clostridium perfringens secretes 11 toxins that can cause __________ to the body

A

Irreversible damage

76
Q

Where clostridium perfringens grows

A

GI tract of animals and humans

77
Q

How is clostridium introduced to the body

A

A traumatic event that allows endospores to enter dead tissue

78
Q

Treatment of gas gangrene

A

Rapid treatment
Surgically removing dead tissue
Administration of antitoxin and penicillin

79
Q

Most animal pox viruses are _____ specific

A

Species

-unable to infect humans because it can’t attach to human cells

80
Q

Pox viruses that cause human diseases

A

Smallpox, Orf, Cowpox, Monkeypox, Molluscum contagiosum

81
Q

Signs and symptoms of pox viruses

A

Characteristic pox lesions that progress through series of stages

82
Q

Progressive Pox Lesions

A

Found on face and body, most contagious at one set of rash.

Usually makes the person very sick and unable to move around (spread the disease)

Contagious until last smallpox scab falls off

83
Q

Cause of blindness with smallpox

A

Blisters formed near the eyes

84
Q

Pathogen of smallpox

A

Smallpox virus

AKA variola virus

85
Q

Infection of smallpox by

A

Inhalation of virus

High virulence

86
Q

Treatment of smallpox

A

Immediate vaccination

87
Q

Monkeypox sign that is different than smallpox

A

Lymphadenopathy

88
Q

Pathogen of Monkeypox

A

Monkeypox virus

89
Q

Reservoir of Monkeypox

A

Monkeys or rodents (prairie dogs)

90
Q

Spread of Monkeypox

A

Primarily inhalation

Also direct contact (bodily fluids and lesions)

91
Q

Pearl-like, waxy papules are a sign of

A

Molluscum Contagiosum

Usually white, pink, or flesh-colored

92
Q

Distribution of Molluscum contagiosum on body

A

Face trunk, and external genitalia

93
Q

Spread of molluscum contagiosum

A

Direct contact and fomites

94
Q

Most common people infected with molluscum contagiosum

A

Children aged 1-10 years old

Sexually active adults (not exclusively an STD), immunocompromised

95
Q

Treatment of molluscum contagiosum

A

People with normal immunity heal without treatment (about 9 months)

96
Q

Recurrent, painful, slo-spreading blisters or skin lesions

97
Q

Herpes labialis

A

Oral herpes

98
Q

Hermetic whitlow

A

Herpes of the finger

99
Q

Herpes gladiatorum

A

Herpes on other place on body, spread from someone’s oral herpes

100
Q

Number of patients that experience recurring herpes

A

2/3 of all patients

101
Q

Ganglia where herpes are when latent

A

Trigeminal, brachial, and sacral ganglia

102
Q

Deactivation triggers for herpes

A

Immune suppression:

Stress, fever, illness, trauma, sunlight, menstruation, or disease

103
Q

Pathogens of herpes

A

Human herpesviruses 1 and 2 or Human Simplex virus 1 and 2

104
Q

HHV-1

A

Above the waist herpes

105
Q

HHV-2

A

below the waist herpes

106
Q

Spread of herpes

A

Direct contact with lesions

107
Q

Antiviral medications

A

Can help control the disease and keep it from recurring but does not cure it

108
Q

Rash that turns into itchy, fluid-filled blisters that then turns into scabs

A

Chickenpox (varicella)

109
Q

Painful rash on one side of the face or body

A

Shingles (herpes zoster)

110
Q

Shingles location

A

Localized to skin along an infected nerve (dermatomal distribution)

111
Q

Pathogen of varicella and herpes zoster

A

Human herpesvirus 3 (Varicella-zoster virus)

112
Q

Chickenpox/ shingles virus is latent in

A

Dorsal nerve root ganglia

113
Q

Percent of people who have had chickenpox and get shingles

114
Q

Age of people who have shingles most commonly

A

Less than 50, risk increases with age

115
Q

Diagnosis of chickenpox and shingles

A

Characteristic lesions.

Treatment is based on relief of symptoms

116
Q

Spread of chickenpox/ shingles

A

Direct contact and inhalation

Microbiology (11 decks)

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