Exam 1 Flashcards
Father of modern microbiology
Pasteur
Most beneficial microbe
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Germ theory of disease was whose idea
Pasteur’s
Triad of health composed of
Host
Agent
Environment
Allopathic medicine focuses on
Agent
Chiropractic focuses on
Host
Public health focuses on
Environment
Invented hand washing
Semmelweis
Invented antiseptic technique
Lister
Invented infection control/ epidemiology
Snow
Invented smallpox vaccine/ immunology
Jenner
4 processes of life
Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism
Most important characteristic differentiating euks from pros
Nucleus
Inclusions
Reservoir of nutrients to be used in harsh times
Endospores
Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
Endospores only used by
Bacillus
Clostridium
Prokaryotic ribosomes
70S (30S+50S)
Eukaryotic ribosomes
80S (40S + 60S)
Where are 70S ribosomes found?
Prokaryotes
Mitochondria of eukaryotes
Growth requirements
Oxygen Temperature Ph Moisture Osmotic pressure Light Food
Most important factor affecting growth
Temp
Psychrophilic
Prefer cold temps
Mesophilic
Prefer moderate temps
Most pathogenic microbes are
Mesophilic
Thermophilic
Prefer high temps
Most microbes thrive in what pH?
6-9
Most animal pathogens work at what pH?
7
Most pathogens killed by direct
Sunlight
Inoculum
Sample of organism trying to grow
Medium
Collection of nutrients
Culture
Microbes that grow from inoculum
Colonies
Cultures visible on surface of media
Selective media
Substances that favor or inhibit growth of particular microbes
Ex of selective media
Sabouraud dextrose agar
Sabouraud dextrose agar selects for ___ and inhibits __
Fungi
Bacteria
Differential media
Visible changes in medium or differences in appearance of colonies to differentiate microbes
Ex of differential media
Blood agar
Ex of selective and differential media
MacConkey agar
MacConkey agar is selective for ___ and differentiates between types of Gram - microbes
Gram - Bacteria
Magenta/red dye
Safranin
Gram stain results
Gram + = purple
Gram - = magenta/red
Gram stain uses
Crystal violet primary stain
Safranin counterstain
Mycobacterial do not have typical
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Cell walls of mycobacteria have high ____ content, resistant to decolonization by acids
Waxy mycolic acid
Mycobacteria referred to as
Acid-fast bacteria
Acid fast stain uses
Carbol fuchsin Primary stain
Methylene blue counterstain
Acid-fast stain results
Acid fast cells = red
Non acid fast cells = blue
Endospores stain uses
Malachite green primary stain
Safranin counterstain
Endospore stain results
Endospores = green
Vegetative cells = magenta/ red
Characteristics of bacterial cell walls
- Give cells shape
- Protects from osmotic forces
- Assists in attaching to other cells
- Target of antimicrobial drugs
Categories of Bacteria
Gram +, Gram -, Mycobateria, Mycoplasma
Gram - membrane contains _________
Lipid A
Appearance of Mycoplasma under a microscope
“Fried egg” shape
Type of environment mycoplasma inhabits
Osmotically protected
Bacteria with no cell wall
Mycoplasma
Result of a cell in a hypertonic solution
Crenation
Result of cell in a hypotonic solution
Cell lysis or death (swells)
Prokaryotes all reproduce
Asexually
3 methods of prokaryotic reproduction
- Binary fission (MC)
- Snapping division
- Budding