Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Father of modern microbiology

A

Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most beneficial microbe

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Germ theory of disease was whose idea

A

Pasteur’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Triad of health composed of

A

Host
Agent
Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Allopathic medicine focuses on

A

Agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chiropractic focuses on

A

Host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Public health focuses on

A

Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Invented hand washing

A

Semmelweis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Invented antiseptic technique

A

Lister

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Invented infection control/ epidemiology

A

Snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Invented smallpox vaccine/ immunology

A

Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 processes of life

A

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most important characteristic differentiating euks from pros

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inclusions

A

Reservoir of nutrients to be used in harsh times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Endospores

A

Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Endospores only used by

A

Bacillus

Clostridium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S (30S+50S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80S (40S + 60S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are 70S ribosomes found?

A

Prokaryotes

Mitochondria of eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Growth requirements

A 
Oxygen 
Temperature
Ph 
Moisture 
Osmotic pressure
Light 
Food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most important factor affecting growth

A

Temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Psychrophilic

A

Prefer cold temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mesophilic

A

Prefer moderate temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most pathogenic microbes are

A

Mesophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thermophilic

A

Prefer high temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most microbes thrive in what pH?

A

6-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Most animal pathogens work at what pH?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Most pathogens killed by direct

A

Sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inoculum

A

Sample of organism trying to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Medium

A

Collection of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Culture

A

Microbes that grow from inoculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Colonies

A

Cultures visible on surface of media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Selective media

A

Substances that favor or inhibit growth of particular microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ex of selective media

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sabouraud dextrose agar selects for ___ and inhibits __

A

Fungi

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Differential media

A

Visible changes in medium or differences in appearance of colonies to differentiate microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Ex of differential media

A

Blood agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ex of selective and differential media

A

MacConkey agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

MacConkey agar is selective for ___ and differentiates between types of Gram - microbes

A

Gram - Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Magenta/red dye

A

Safranin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Gram stain results

A

Gram + = purple

Gram - = magenta/red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Gram stain uses

A

Crystal violet primary stain

Safranin counterstain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Mycobacterial do not have typical

A

Peptidoglycan cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cell walls of mycobacteria have high ____ content, resistant to decolonization by acids

A

Waxy mycolic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mycobacteria referred to as

A

Acid-fast bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Acid fast stain uses

A

Carbol fuchsin Primary stain

Methylene blue counterstain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Acid-fast stain results

A

Acid fast cells = red

Non acid fast cells = blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Endospores stain uses

A

Malachite green primary stain

Safranin counterstain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Endospore stain results

A

Endospores = green

Vegetative cells = magenta/ red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Characteristics of bacterial cell walls

A
  1. Give cells shape
  2. Protects from osmotic forces
  3. Assists in attaching to other cells
  4. Target of antimicrobial drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Categories of Bacteria

A

Gram +, Gram -, Mycobateria, Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Gram - membrane contains _________

A

Lipid A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Appearance of Mycoplasma under a microscope

A

“Fried egg” shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Type of environment mycoplasma inhabits

A

Osmotically protected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Bacteria with no cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Result of a cell in a hypertonic solution

A

Crenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Result of cell in a hypotonic solution

A

Cell lysis or death (swells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Prokaryotes all reproduce

A

Asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

3 methods of prokaryotic reproduction

A
  1. Binary fission (MC)
  2. Snapping division
  3. Budding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Binary fission

A

Parent cell replicates its DNA and its membrane elongates, the 2 copies are separated and the membrane invaginates forming 2 daughter cells

61
Q

Bacteria that replicate with snapping division

A
  • clostridium

- corynebacterium (dyptheria)

62
Q

Budding

A

DNA is replicated, the cell elongates to form a “bud”, the expanded part carries the new copy of DNA into the new membrane, buds off. 1 daughter cell and 1 parent cell at the end

63
Q

Diplococci

A

2 cocci attached (a pair)

64
Q

Streptococci

A

A chain of cocci

65
Q

Tetrad

A

Square (4 cocci)

66
Q

Sarcinae

A

Cube of cocci (8)

67
Q

Staphylococci

A

Cocci divides in all directions, forms a cluster

68
Q

Diplobacilli

A

2 bacilli attached

69
Q

Streptobacilli

A

Chain of bacilli

70
Q

Palisade

A

Only formed with snapping division

71
Q

Structure of prokaryotic genomes

A

Made up of plasmids

72
Q

Plasmids

A

Small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate independently. Have survival advantages

73
Q

NOT essential for normal metabolism, growth, or reproduction

74
Q

Types of plasmids

A
  1. Fertility factors
  2. Resistance factors
  3. Bacteriocin factors
  4. Virulence factors
75
Q

Fertility factors

A

F plasmids.

Carry instructions for conjugation

76
Q

Resistance factors

A

R plasmids

Carry genes for resistance to antibiotics

77
Q

Bacteriocin factors

A

Carry genes for toxins called bactericins

Kill competitors

78
Q

Virulence plasmids

A

Carry instructions that let bacterium become pathogenic

79
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

Organisms replicate genomes and provide copies to descendants

Normal process in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

80
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Acquire genes from other microbes of the same generation but could be different species.

Donor- contributes genome
Recipient cell- takes genome, reproduces

81
Q

3 types of horizontal gene transfer

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Bacterial conjugation
82
Q

Transformation

A

Recipient cell takes DNA from the environment (without the donor offering; donor could be alive or dead)

83
Q

Competent cell

A

A cell that can take up DNA and reproduce via transformation

Only a few types of bacteria can do this

84
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer DNA form one cell to another via a virus

85
Q

Generalized transduction

A

Transduction virus carries random DNA from donor to recipient

86
Q

Specialized transduction

A

Only certain DNA from the donor is transferred

87
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another by conjugation pili

Donor cell requires F plasmid (F+)
Recipient lacks the F plasmid (F-)

88
Q

Microscopic eukaryotic microbes

A

Fungi and Protozoa

89
Q

Parasitic eukaryotic microbes

A

Protozoa and helminths

90
Q

Percent of fungi that cause disease

91
Q

Mycoses

A

Fungi that cause disease

92
Q

Thallus

A

Nonreproductive body of fungi

93
Q

Mold thallus

A

Hyphae — long filaments

94
Q

Yeast thallus

A

Sperical buds

95
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

Produce 2 types of thalli

96
Q

Generally ______ of dimorphics cause disease

A

Yeast form

97
Q

Mycelium

A

Tangled mass of hyphae

Typically subterranean

98
Q

All fungi have some means of ______ but most reproduce _____

A

Asexual reproduction

Sexually

99
Q

Asexual reproduction in fungi

A

Budding

Spore formation

100
Q

Pseudohypha

A

Series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent

101
Q

Spore formation in fungi

A

Produce spores that disperse over long distances

102
Q

Protozoa characteristics

A

Lack cell wall
Like moist environments
Few are pathogens
Most — asexually only

103
Q

All protozoa have _____ and some have ____ and ____

A

Trophozoite; cyst and contractile vacuoles

104
Q

Trophozoite form

A

Motile feeding stage

Can reproduce

105
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Actively pump water, protect from osmotic lysis

106
Q

Generalist virus

A

Infect many kinds of cells in different hosts

107
Q

Specific virus

A

Only infect particular kind of cell in particular host

108
Q

Helical virus

109
Q

Polyhedral virus

A

Geodesic dome (MC)

20 sides = icosahedron

110
Q

Complex virus

A

Capsids of many shapes

111
Q

Lysogeny viral replication

A

Infected host cells grow/reproduce for generations before they lyse

112
Q

Lysogenic conversion viral replication

A

Phages carry genes that alter phenotype of bacterium

113
Q

Animal virus remain dormant in host cells called

A

Latent viruses or proviruses

114
Q

Incorporation of provirus into host DNA is

115
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceous infectious agents

Lack NA

116
Q

Prions only destroyed by

A

Incineration and autoclaving

117
Q

Most predominant area for prion expression

A

Nervous system

118
Q

Prions cause diseases known as what

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

119
Q

2 common types of spongiform encephalopathies

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Variant Cruetzfeldt Jacob Disease

120
Q

Normal microbiota AKA

A

Normal flora and indigenous microbiota

121
Q

Resident microbiota

A

Remain part of normal microbiota for life

122
Q

Transient microbiota

A

Remain in body for few hours, days, months, then disappear

123
Q

Axenic sites definition

A

Free of any microbes

124
Q

Axenic site examples

A
  1. Alveoli
  2. CNS
  3. Circulatory system
  4. Upper urogenital
  5. Uterus
125
Q

When do we begin to develop microbiota

A

During birthing process

126
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

127
Q

Reservoirs

A

Sites where pathogens live until they can infect host

128
Q

Zoonoses

A

Diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

129
Q

Humans are usually

A

Dead-end host

130
Q

Human carriers

A

Infected, asymptomatic but can infect others

131
Q

Case vs Carrier

A 
Case= develop illness
Carrier = never get sick
132
Q

Isolation

A

Separate ILL persons who have disease

133
Q

Quarantine

A

Separate WELL persons who have been exposed to disease

134
Q

Contamination

A

Presence of microbes in or on body

135
Q

Infection

A

Evades body’s external defenses

MAY or MAY NOT result in disease

136
Q

3 major Portals of entry

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Placenta

137
Q

Parenteral route

A

Not technically portal of entry

Pathogens deposited directly into tissues

138
Q

What is most common site of entry

A

Respiratory tract (mucous membrane)

139
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of host by pathogen

140
Q

Disease

A

Invading pathogen alters normal body functions

141
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of microorganism to cause disease

142
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

143
Q

Antigenicity

A

Ability of substance to stim production of antibodies

144
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by PATIENT

145
Q

Signs

A

Objective; observed/measured by others

146
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of symptoms and signs

147
Q

Virulence factors

A 
Adhesion
Biofilms
Extracellular enzymes
Toxins
Antiphagocytic factors
148
Q

Bacterial pathogens attach to each other

A

Form biofilm

Ex: dental plaque

Microbiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions