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Microbiology > Exam 2: Finished > Flashcards

Exam 2: Finished Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses readily cross the

A

BBB

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2
Q

Occur more frequently than bacterial and fungal infections

A

Viral infections

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3
Q

Viral meningitis is _____ than bacterial meningitis

A

More mild

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4
Q

No bacteria is found in the CSF in viral meningitis

A

Aseptic meningitis

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5
Q

Enterovirus causes ______% of viral meningitis

A

90%

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6
Q

Common enteroviruses

A

Poliovirus, echoviruses, coxackieviruses

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7
Q

Other pathogens causing viral meningitis

A

Mumps, measles, influenza viruses, HHV 1,2,3 and 4

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8
Q

Most common cause of meningitis

A

Viral meningitis (crosses BBB)

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9
Q

Spread of viral meningitis

A

Respiratory droplets and feces

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10
Q

Diagnose bacterial VS viral meningitis

A

Absence of bacteria in CSF

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11
Q

Most recover from viral meningitis on their own within

A

2 weeks

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12
Q

Poliomyelitis is _______ in 90% of cases

A

Asymptomatic

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13
Q

3 types of poliomyelitis

A
  1. Minor polio:
  2. Nonparalytic polio
  3. Paralytic polio
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14
Q

Minor polio

A

Nonspecific symptoms; flu like

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15
Q

Nonparalytic polio

A

Produces paralysis in 1% of cases

Results in bulbar poliomyelitis

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16
Q

Bulbar poliomyelitis

A

Infects brain stem and medulla, results in paralysis of muscles in the limbs or respiratory muscles

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17
Q

Postpolio syndrome

A

Deterioration in function of polio-affected muscles

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18
Q

Poliovirus causes

A

Poliomyelitis

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19
Q

Transmission of polio

A

Drinking contaminated water or fecal-oral route

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20
Q

2 vaccines that have nearly eliminated polio

A

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

Oral (live) Polio vaccine (OPV)

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21
Q

Jonas Salk

A

Developed IPV vaccine

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22
Q

OPV

A

Developed by Albert Sabin

DON’T GIVE IN US (since 2000)

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23
Q

Polio remains endemic in

A

Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

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24
Q

Treatment for Polio

A

No cure

Treat symptoms

  • antibiotics- prevent infections from weakened muscles
  • analgesics
  • exercise
  • diet
  • Long-term rehabilitation
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25
Q

Rabies causes death by

A

Respiratory paralysis

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26
Q

Rabies-specific neurological manifestations

A

Hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis

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27
Q

Pathogen causing rabies

A

Rabies virus

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28
Q

1 source for rabies in the US

A

BATS

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29
Q

Rabies is a ____ disease of____

A

Zoonotic; mammals

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30
Q

Transmission of rabies

A

Via a bite; can be introduced through break in the skin or inhalation

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31
Q

Once there are neurological symptoms of rabies

A

It’s too late to intervene

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32
Q

Treatment of rabies

A

Pre- neurological symptoms its treated with an injection of human rabies immune globulin.

Vaccine with human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)

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33
Q

____ is critical with rabies

A

Timing

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34
Q

2 times you’re treated with a vaccine post exposure

A
  1. Tetanus

2. Rabies

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35
Q

Histological finding with rabies

A

Negri bodies

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36
Q

Mosquito-borne arboviruses can cause

A

Arboviral encephalitis

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37
Q

Arboviral encephaltiis ____affects humans

A

Rarely (a zoonotic disease)

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38
Q

Arboviruses cause

A

Mild, cold like symptoms

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39
Q

Arboviruses can cause encephalitis if

A

It crosses the BBB

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40
Q

Vector and reservoir for Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Western EE, Venezuelan EE

A

Mosquito- vector

Horse- reservoir

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41
Q

found east of Mississippi River it’s a 30-35% fatality rate

A

EEE

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42
Q

WEE

A

Found west of Mississippi River, low fatality

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43
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus

A

Mild illness with fever and headache

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44
Q

Percent of asymptomatic West Nile viruses

A

80%

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45
Q

West Nile encephalitis virus causes _____epidemic in North America

A

Seasonal epidemic (summer into fall)

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46
Q

Prevention of West Nile virus

A

Avoid handling dead birds (virus lives in crows and other wild birds)

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47
Q

California (LaCrosse) encephalitis causes _____ symptoms

A

Mild

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48
Q

Encephalitis viruses with a mosquito vector

A 
EEE
WEE
VEE
St. Louis 
West Nile 
California (LaCrosse)
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49
Q

Spread of tick-borne encephalitis virus

A

Drinking unpasteurized milk that has the virus

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50
Q

Symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis virus

A

Sore muscles and fever after 1-2 weeks of exposure

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51
Q

Vector and reservoir of tick-borne encephalitis virus

A

Vector: ticks
Reservoir: rodents

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52
Q

Prevention of arboviral encephalitis viruses

A
  • Limiting contact with mosquitos and ticks
  • netting and insect repellents
  • eliminate stagnant water
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53
Q

Most common arboviral encephalitis around Davenport

A

West Nile and EEE and WEE

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54
Q

Zika virus is an

A

Arbovirus

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55
Q

Signs and symptoms of Zika Virus

A

Most people are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms that could last for several days to a week

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56
Q

If Zika virus crosses the placenta it can cause

A

Microcephaly/ brain defects, miscarriage, and stillbirth

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57
Q

Spread of Zika virus

A

Mosquito vector

-can be sexually transmitted

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58
Q

Zika is an ____ disease

A

Emerging

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59
Q

Diagnosis of Zika

A

Based on history of travel and a blood or urine test

60
Q

The biggest risk for pregnant women and Zika is

A

During the first trimester

61
Q

Mushroom toxins can produce ______ and ________

A

Hallucinations and neurological problems

62
Q

Fungal meningitis spread

A

From lungs to the CNS via blood

63
Q

Pathogen for cyptococcal meningitis

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

64
Q

Severity of meningitis

A
  1. Bacterial
  2. Fungal
  3. Viral
65
Q

Most common meningitis

A
  1. Viral
  2. Bacterial
  3. Fungal (Cryptococcal)
66
Q

Infection of cryptococcal meningitis

A

Inhalation

67
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis occurs in

A

Terminal AIDS patients and transplant recipients

68
Q

Fungal meningitis shows ____ in CSF

A

Fungal antigen

Treated with IV antifungal drugs

69
Q

African sleeping sickness AKA

A

Trypanosomiasis

70
Q

3 stages of African sleeping sickness

A
  1. Site of fly bite becomes a lesion with dead tissues and rapidly dividing parasites
  2. Fever, lymph node swelling, headaches
  3. Invasion of CNS leading to meningoencephalitis
71
Q

Meningoencephalitis

A

Headache, extreme drowsiness, abnormal neurological function, coma

72
Q

Fatality of trypanosomiasis if untreated

A

Patients die within 6 moths of onset of disease

73
Q

Pathogen of African sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma Brucei

Gambiense and rhodiense

74
Q

African Sleeping sickness characterized by

A

Cyclical waves of parasitemia every 7-10 days

75
Q

Tsetse fly

A

Vector of African sleeping sicknesss

76
Q

Treatment of African sleeping sickness

A

IV medication must begin ASAP after infection

100% fatal if untreated

77
Q

Primary amebic Meningoeencephalopathy

A

Causes rare and mostly fatal brain infections (death in 3-7 days)

78
Q

2 Protozoa causing Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy

A

Acanthamoeba

Naegleria Fowleri

79
Q

Naegleria Fowleri

A

Brain-eating amoeba

80
Q

Amoeba means

81
Q

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy is contracted by

A

Inhaling contaminated water

Or entering through abrasions on skin or eyelid

82
Q

Naegleria Fowleri is found in

A

Ponds, lakes, streams,

83
Q

Treatment of Primary amebic meningioencephalopathy

A

Usually too late for effective treatment by the time its diagnosed

Prevent by avoiding contaminated water

84
Q

Acanthamoeba can be found in

85
Q

A prion is an

A

Infections protein

86
Q

Prions cause

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

87
Q

vCJD

A

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is caused by prions

88
Q

BSE

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy “mad cow disease”

89
Q

Scrapie

A

Spongiform encephalopathies in sheep and goats

90
Q

Spongiform encephalopathies cause brain to

A

Be full of holes

91
Q

Signs and symptoms of vCJD

A

Insomnia, weight loss, memory failure, progressive worsening of muscle control

92
Q

vCJD is acquired by

A

Eating BSE contaminated beef

93
Q

Treatment/ Prevention of vCJD

A

No treatment

Avoid contaminated meat

94
Q

A form of folliculitis at the sebaceous gland near eye

95
Q

Sty is caused by

A

Staphylococcus aureus (MC)

S. Epidermidis

96
Q

Trachoma is the leading cause of

A

Non traumatic blindness

97
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis causes

A

Eye infection: trachoma

STD: chlamydia

98
Q

Trachoma infects ____ during _____

A

Children during childbirth (mom has chlamydia, kid gets it passing though birth canal)

99
Q

Trachoma in adults

A

Bacteria from genitalia are introduced to eyes via fomites or fingers

100
Q

Trachoma infection of eye

A

Eyelids turn inward, eyelashes abrade, irritate and scar cornea, triggering invasion of blood vessels

101
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of trachoma

A

Diagnosed by identifying bacteria at site of infection

Treated by antibiotics and possible surgical correction

102
Q

Leading cause of non traumatic blindness in the world

103
Q

Ophthalmia Neonatorum AKA

A

Newborn conjunctivitis

104
Q

Ophthalmia Neonatorum primariily caused by

A

Neisseria gonnorrhoeae

105
Q

Pathogens causing newborn conjunctivitis

A
  1. Neisseria gonnorrhoeae
  2. Chlamydia trachomatis
  3. HHV-2
106
Q

Ophthalmia Neonatorum may result in

107
Q

Symptoms for ophthalmia Neonatorum show up

A

1 day-2 weeks after birth

108
Q

Prevention/ treatment for ophthalmia Neonatorum

A
  • used to be silver nitrate drops

- now given erythromycin drops

109
Q

Signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis

A

Red eye, irritation, and watering of eyes (viral and bacterial)

Bacterial conjunctivitis causes grittiness and a purple to discharge causing lids to stick together

110
Q

Conjunctivitis AKA

111
Q

Conjunctivitis can be ____ or _____

A

Bacterial or viral

112
Q

Viral pathogen causing conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus

113
Q

Bacterial pathogen causing conjunctivitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus aegyptii

114
Q

Ocular herpes AKA

A

Ophthalmic herpes

115
Q

Signs and symptoms of ocular herpes

A

Unilateral, gritty feeling, conjunctivitis, pain, sensitivity to light, corneal lesions

116
Q

Ocular herpes can lead to

117
Q

HHV-1 infection in eye

A

Ocular herpes

118
Q

Latent HHV-1 causing ocular herpes is in the ______ ganglion and travels down ______

A

In trigeminal ganglion, travels down ophthalmic branch

119
Q

Treatment for ocular herpes

A

Antiviral ointments or eyedrops or steroid eyedrops

120
Q

Location of ocular herpes

A

Found around edge of eye, can go into eye and lead to blindness

121
Q

Ocular Candidiasis caused by _____ most commonly

A

Candida albicans

122
Q

Candida albicans

A

Common normal microbiota of skin and mucous membranes

123
Q

Signs and symptoms of ocular candidiasis

A

Eye pain, red eye, blindness

124
Q

Ocular candidiasis is the result of

A

An opportunistic infection

125
Q

Ocular candidiasis spread

A

Through the bloodstream or by direct inoculation into the eye during surgery or trauma

126
Q

Diagnosis of ocular candidiasis

A

Based on signs and clusters of budding yeasts

Treated with antifungals

127
Q

Protozoan eye disease

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis

128
Q

Acanthamoeba causes

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis

129
Q

Symptoms of acanthamoeba keratitis

A

Severe redness, pain, and corneal inflammation

130
Q

Acanthamoeba Keratitis is associated with

A

Contact lens use and an emerging disease

131
Q

Treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis

A

Topically with anti-inflammatory drugs or, if severe, corneal transplant

132
Q

Contact wearers should NEVER:

A
  • use tap water on contact lens
  • use homemade solutions to store and clean contacts
  • wear contact lenses in hot tubs, swimming, or showering
133
Q

Helminthic parasites of eyes

A
  • Loa loa filariasis

- onchocerciasis

134
Q

Loa loa Filariasis AKA

A

Subcutaneous filariasis or Loiasis

135
Q

Filaria

A

Tiny round worm

136
Q

Calabar swellings

A

Red itchy welling below skin below the eye caused by loa loa filariasis

137
Q

Loa loa filariasis does not normally affect

138
Q

Loa loa Filariasis symptoms

A

Painful while it moves around in the eyeball and across the bridge of the nose into the other eyeball

139
Q

Nematode

140
Q

Pathogen of loa loa filariasis

A

Nematode loa loa

141
Q

Spread of loa loa filariasis

A

Deer fly or mango fly (in West Africa) are vectors

-flies deposit larvae, worm matures in body, migrates through subcutaneous tissues to the eye

142
Q

Treatment of loa loa filariasis

A

Antihelmminthic prophylaxis

143
Q

Antihelminthic’s cause worms to die

A

Sometimes in the eye, have to use surgery to remove the dead worm from the conjunctiva

144
Q

Onchocerciasis AKA

A

River blindness

145
Q

Signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis

A

Long-term corneal inflammation (keratitis), leading to thickening of corneal stroma and then leads to blindness

146
Q

Pathogen of onchocerciasis

A

Nematode Onchocerca volvulus

147
Q

Spread of Onchocerciasis

A

Vector: black fly

Mostly in Africa

Microbiology (11 decks)

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