Exam 3: Cardiovascular/ Systemic Diseases Flashcards
Septicemia
Presence of microbial infection of the blood that causes illness
Bacteremia
Bacteria invasion of the bloodstream
Toxemia
Bacteria remain fixed at the site of infection but release toxins into the blood
Viremia
Invasion of the bloodstream by viruses
Lymphangitis
Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Septic shock can develop rapidly in
Septicemia, Bacteremia, Toxemia and viremia
Toxemia symptoms vary depending on ____
Toxin
Petechiae
Capillary hemorrhages found in septicemia, bacteremia, toxemia and viremia
Osteomyelitis can be caused by
Septicemia
Exotoxins
Released from living microbes
Endotoxins
Released fro Gram (-) bacteria
Pathogens
Septicemia: various organisms
Bactermeia/toxemia: bacteria exclusively
Viremia: viruses exclusively
Gram _______ bacteria can produce severe ________ because of release of ______
Negative; septicemia; endotoxins that destroys the cell wall
Septicemia, bacteremia, toxemia, viremia are
Opportunistic of nosocomial infections and are usually only found in immunocompromised patients
special Endocarditis symptom
New or changed heart murmur
Viridans streptococci causes _______ of cases of endocarditis
1/2
Viridans stereptococci group made up of
Streptococcus sanguis** MC
S. Sanguis
S. Anginosus
S. Boris
Endocarditis is more likely to occur in someone with
Abnormal heart
Treatment of endocarditis
- Prophylactic antibiotics if the patient is high-risk
- IV antibiotics
Streptococcus mutans is found in
Dental plaque, forms cavities
Example of prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients
Antibiotics before dental surgery (s. Mutans)
vegetation’s
Bacterial growth on heart valves found in endocarditis
Signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever/ heart disease
- Joint inflammation
- Small nodules
- hard, round bumps under skin
- fever
- fatigue
Pathogen causing rheumatic fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
Heart valves become inflamed ________ weeks after infection with S. Pyogenes
1-5 weeks
Strep throat or scarlet fever
Ages at risk of heart disease
Kids ages 5-15
Not common in US
Treatment of heart disease
Surgical valve repair or replacement if severe damage
Prevent itch prompt antibiotics if child develops strep throat
Brucellosis AKA
Undulant Fever
Pathogen causing undulant fever
Brucella melitensis
Brucella melitensis
found in sheep and goats
Gram (-) bacteria, endotoxins causes some signs and symptoms
Brucellosis symptoms
Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon, chills, sweating, headache,
Brucellosis can often be
Asymptomatic or mild
Spread of brucellosis
- consumption of contaminated dairy products
- Contact with infected animal blood, urine, or placentas
Tularemia AKA
Rabbit fever
Tularemia causes ___ and ____ at infection site
Skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes at the infection site
Ascending lymphangitis
Tularemia is a
Category A bio-terrorist threat because it is easily spread and highly infective
Pathogen causing rabbit fever
Fracisella tularensis
-Rabbits are the reservoir
Tularemia is possibly
Lethal
Transmission of tularemia
Via a bite of infected tick or tact with infected animal
- people in contact with dead animals are at the highest risk
Prevention of tularemia
Wear rubber gloves when handling or skinning wild animals (rabbits or rodents)
Bubonic Plague signs and symptoms
Buboes and high fever
Buboes
Swollen, painful lymph nodes caused by bubonic plague. Can be as large as a grape fruit. Show up in armpits, groin, neck
Black Death
Skin becomes necrotic and darkens
If untreated, bubonic plague is _______ fatal and if it is treated it is ____fatal
Untreated: 50%
Treated 5-15%
Pneumonic plague is 100% fatal if
Not treated within the first 24 hours
Pathogen of plagues
Yersinia pestis
Pneumonic plague starts as
Bubonic plague, then travels to lungs and causes pneumonic plague
Bubonic plague is spread
Via flea bite (vector) or by contact with infected rodent (rats) or flea feces
Pneumonic plague is spread
Person to person via aerosols and sputum
Plague is extremely _____ and considered a ______
Extremely virulent; Category A Bioterrorist threat
Plague must be diagnosed and treated ______ if there is a chance for survival
Immediately
Lyme disease signature symptom
Red “bull’s-eye” rash (in 75% of patients)
Reservoir for bubonic plague
Rodents
10% of patients develop _____ and _____ with Lyme Disease
Neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction
Including Bell’s palsy
Pathogen causing Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
One of the most reported vector-borne diseases in the U.S.
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is transmitted by a
Tick bite
Lyme disease is a _____ infection
Bacterial
Erythema Mirgrans
Other name for red “bulls-eye” rash caused by Lyme disease
Lyme Disease is often ______ without “bulls-eye rash”
Undiagnosed/misdiagnosed
-bacterium is rarely detected in the blood
If untreated Lyme Disease can turn into
Meningitis, encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy and cause severe arthritis that can last years
Borrelia burgdorferi is a
Spirochete shaped bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi AKA
Lyme Borreliosis
Reservoir for Lyme disease
Deers
2 reasons there is an increase in Lyme disease
- Movement of human populations into woodland areas
2. Deer populations being protected/ encouraged to feed in suburban yards
Treatment of Lyme disease
- Antibiotics in early stages
- Treatment in later phases is difficult
Prevention: repellent containing DEET and protective clothing
Relapsing fever is characterized by
Recurring episodes of septicemia and fever
Pathogen causing Louse-borne Replapsing Fever
Spirochete borrelia recurrentis
Pathogen causing endemic Relapsing Fever
Several borrelia spp
Differences in relapsing fever and brucellosis
Relapsing fever- fever lasts week, goes away, comes back
Brucellosis- fever comes back at the same time every day (every afternoon)
Louse-borne relapsing fever is transmitted to humans by
Human body louse (lice)
Endemic relapsing fever is spread to humans by
Soft ticks
Diagnosis of relapsing fever
Observing spirochetes and then treated with antibiotics
Infectious mononucleosis causes
Severe sore throat and then fever first. Then swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and enlargement of the spleen (50%)
Infectious Mononucleosis is a ___ disease
Viral
Pathogen causing mono
HHV-4 AKA Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Infectious mononucleosis AKA
Kissing disease
-transmitted via saliva
EBV establishes a _________ in the host that has mono
Latent infection
Splenic enlargement is found in _____ of patients with mono
50%
Mono is diagnosed by a percents of large ______ and _______
Lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia
Cytomegalovirus is a___disease
Viral systemic
Most cases of CMV are
Asymptomatic
CMV is symptomatic in
Fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients
Cause birth defects, mono-like symptoms, and eye infections
Pathogen causing cytomegalovirus
HHV-5 AKA cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Latent EBV can increase risk of
Autoimmune diseases
SLE, RA, Sjögren’s syndrome, MS
EBV is associated with
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, chronic fatigue syndrome
CMV is one of the _______ infections in humans
Most common
Transmission of CMV
Bodily secretions
- often via sexual intercourse
- in utero exposure and vaginal birth
Prevention of CMV
Abstinence, mutual monogamy, and safe sex can reduce risk of transmission
Treatment of CMV eye infections
Fomiveersen
Eye infections caused by CMV are a leading cause of blindness in
AIDS patients
Stages of yellow fever
- fever, headache, muscle aches
- remission
- jaundice, delirium, seizures, hemorrhaging (blood in vomit)
characteristic signs of yellow fever
jaundice and black vomit (blood in vomit)
Yellow Fever virus is a
arbovirus
Yellow fever is transmitted via________ and cases only occur in _____ and ______ today
transmitted via mosquito; only found in South America and Africa today
Yellow fever is diagnosed by
history of travel to endemic regions
dengue fever AKA
break-bone fever
dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has
internal bleeding, shock, and possible death
dengue fever has __phases
- fever, edema, head and muscle pain
- return of fever and red rash
pathogens causing dengue fever and DHF
dengue viruses 1,2,3, and 4
vector of DF and DHF
aedes mosquitos
DF is usually
asymptomatic or mild (80% of the time)
DHF is more severe and can be
fatal (<5% of all Dengue cases)
dengue fever treatment
none available
ebola hemorrhagic fever causes
minor petechiae that progresses to severe internal hemorrhaging, to uncontrolled bleeding under skin and from every body opening
ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by
ebolavirus
ebolavirus is a
Cat A bioterrorrist threat and BSL-4
ebola hemorrhagic fever occurs in ______ and the natural reservoir is ______ and is spread by ______
Occurs in Africa, the natural reservoir and mode of transmission is unknown, spread person to person by contaminated body fluids and syringes
treatment of ebola hemorrhagic fever
fluid and electrolyte replacement
90% of human victims die
The severe form of malaria is called
blackwater fever
blackwater fever causes
dark urine, renal failure, erythrocyte lysis and can be fatal within 24 hours
malaria is caused by
4 plasmodium species, severity of the illness depends on which pathogen is causing it
plasmodium ovale
mild malaria
plasmodium vivax
chronic malaria, Most common pathogen
plasmodium malariae
more serious form of malaria
plasmodium falciparum
most severe malaria
malaria vector and endemic location
vector: mosquito
endemic in the tropics and subtropics
a child dies __________ from malaria
every minute
the majority of toxoplasmosis cases
have no symptoms
toxoplasmosis is more severe in 2 populations
- AIDS patients
2. Fetuses (most danger during 1st trimester)
pathogen causing toxoplasmosis
toxoplasma gondii
cats are the most definitive host
spread of toxoplasmosis
- consuming undercooked, contaminated meat
- ingestion or inhalation of feces contaminated soil (pregnant women shouldn’t clean kitty litter boxes)
- across the placenta
treatment of toxoplasmosis
only needed in AIDS patients, pregnant women, and newborns
Chagas’ disease has 4 stages
Acute stage: chagomas
generalized stage: fever, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen
chronic stage: asymptomatic
symptomatic stage: CHF after formation of pseudocytes
chagomas
swelling at the sites of Chagas bites
pseudocytes
cyst like clusters in heart muscle tissue found in Chagas’ diseases
pathogen causing Chagas
Trypanosoma cruzi
transmission of Chagas’ disease
bite of true bugs or transfusion with infected blood
True bugs AKA
kissing bugs
treatment of Chagas’ Disease
early stages can be treated with medication
late stages are untreatable
lymphatic filariasis remains
asymptomatic for years (up to 17 years)
elephantiasis can result from
chronic lymphatic damage
pathogen causing lymphatic filariasis
wuchereria bancrofti (a roundworm)
lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by _____ and endemic in ________
mosquitos; endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central, South America and Pacific island nations
schistosomiasis AKA
Bilharzia or snail fever
schistosomiasis signs and symptoms
swimmer’s rich at infection site
cirrhosis of lungs and liver
schistomiasis pathogens
3 species of blood flukes from genus schistosoma
s. mansoni
Caribbean, Venezuela, Brazil, Arabia, Africa
s. haemotobium
Africa and India
s. japonicum
China, Taiwan, Phillipines, and Japan
spread of schistosomiasis
contact with contaminated water
After the parasite enters the body it
burrows into the skin, migrates to lungs and liver, matures into adult form and migrates to preferred body part
schistosomiasis is
potentially fatal and a major public health problem
schistosomiasis is considered a ________ and is found ____-
emerging disease; usually found in Africa, not in the U.S.
