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Microbiology > Exam 3: Cardiovascular/ Systemic Diseases > Flashcards

Exam 3: Cardiovascular/ Systemic Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Septicemia

A

Presence of microbial infection of the blood that causes illness

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2
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria invasion of the bloodstream

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3
Q

Toxemia

A

Bacteria remain fixed at the site of infection but release toxins into the blood

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4
Q

Viremia

A

Invasion of the bloodstream by viruses

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5
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

Septic shock can develop rapidly in

A

Septicemia, Bacteremia, Toxemia and viremia

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7
Q

Toxemia symptoms vary depending on ____

A

Toxin

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8
Q

Petechiae

A

Capillary hemorrhages found in septicemia, bacteremia, toxemia and viremia

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9
Q

Osteomyelitis can be caused by

A

Septicemia

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10
Q

Exotoxins

A

Released from living microbes

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11
Q

Endotoxins

A

Released fro Gram (-) bacteria

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12
Q

Pathogens

A

Septicemia: various organisms
Bactermeia/toxemia: bacteria exclusively
Viremia: viruses exclusively

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13
Q

Gram _______ bacteria can produce severe ________ because of release of ______

A

Negative; septicemia; endotoxins that destroys the cell wall

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14
Q

Septicemia, bacteremia, toxemia, viremia are

A

Opportunistic of nosocomial infections and are usually only found in immunocompromised patients

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15
Q

special Endocarditis symptom

A

New or changed heart murmur

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16
Q

Viridans streptococci causes _______ of cases of endocarditis

A

1/2

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17
Q

Viridans stereptococci group made up of

A

Streptococcus sanguis** MC
S. Sanguis
S. Anginosus
S. Boris

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18
Q

Endocarditis is more likely to occur in someone with

A

Abnormal heart

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19
Q

Treatment of endocarditis

A
  • Prophylactic antibiotics if the patient is high-risk

- IV antibiotics

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20
Q

Streptococcus mutans is found in

A

Dental plaque, forms cavities

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21
Q

Example of prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients

A

Antibiotics before dental surgery (s. Mutans)

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22
Q

vegetation’s

A

Bacterial growth on heart valves found in endocarditis

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23
Q

Signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever/ heart disease

A
  • Joint inflammation
  • Small nodules
  • hard, round bumps under skin
  • fever
  • fatigue
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24
Q

Pathogen causing rheumatic fever

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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25
Q

Heart valves become inflamed ________ weeks after infection with S. Pyogenes

A

1-5 weeks

Strep throat or scarlet fever

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26
Q

Ages at risk of heart disease

A

Kids ages 5-15

Not common in US

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27
Q

Treatment of heart disease

A

Surgical valve repair or replacement if severe damage

Prevent itch prompt antibiotics if child develops strep throat

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28
Q

Brucellosis AKA

A

Undulant Fever

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29
Q

Pathogen causing undulant fever

A

Brucella melitensis

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30
Q

Brucella melitensis

A

found in sheep and goats

Gram (-) bacteria, endotoxins causes some signs and symptoms

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31
Q

Brucellosis symptoms

A

Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon, chills, sweating, headache,

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32
Q

Brucellosis can often be

A

Asymptomatic or mild

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33
Q

Spread of brucellosis

A
  • consumption of contaminated dairy products

- Contact with infected animal blood, urine, or placentas

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34
Q

Tularemia AKA

A

Rabbit fever

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35
Q

Tularemia causes ___ and ____ at infection site

A

Skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes at the infection site

Ascending lymphangitis

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36
Q

Tularemia is a

A

Category A bio-terrorist threat because it is easily spread and highly infective

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37
Q

Pathogen causing rabbit fever

A

Fracisella tularensis

-Rabbits are the reservoir

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38
Q

Tularemia is possibly

A

Lethal

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39
Q

Transmission of tularemia

A

Via a bite of infected tick or tact with infected animal

- people in contact with dead animals are at the highest risk

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40
Q

Prevention of tularemia

A

Wear rubber gloves when handling or skinning wild animals (rabbits or rodents)

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41
Q

Bubonic Plague signs and symptoms

A

Buboes and high fever

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42
Q

Buboes

A

Swollen, painful lymph nodes caused by bubonic plague. Can be as large as a grape fruit. Show up in armpits, groin, neck

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43
Q

Black Death

A

Skin becomes necrotic and darkens

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44
Q

If untreated, bubonic plague is _______ fatal and if it is treated it is ____fatal

A

Untreated: 50%

Treated 5-15%

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45
Q

Pneumonic plague is 100% fatal if

A

Not treated within the first 24 hours

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46
Q

Pathogen of plagues

A

Yersinia pestis

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47
Q

Pneumonic plague starts as

A

Bubonic plague, then travels to lungs and causes pneumonic plague

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48
Q

Bubonic plague is spread

A

Via flea bite (vector) or by contact with infected rodent (rats) or flea feces

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49
Q

Pneumonic plague is spread

A

Person to person via aerosols and sputum

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50
Q

Plague is extremely _____ and considered a ______

A

Extremely virulent; Category A Bioterrorist threat

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51
Q

Plague must be diagnosed and treated ______ if there is a chance for survival

A

Immediately

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52
Q

Lyme disease signature symptom

A

Red “bull’s-eye” rash (in 75% of patients)

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53
Q

Reservoir for bubonic plague

A

Rodents

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54
Q

10% of patients develop _____ and _____ with Lyme Disease

A

Neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction

Including Bell’s palsy

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55
Q

Pathogen causing Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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56
Q

One of the most reported vector-borne diseases in the U.S.

A

Lyme disease

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57
Q

Lyme disease is transmitted by a

A

Tick bite

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58
Q

Lyme disease is a _____ infection

A

Bacterial

59
Q

Erythema Mirgrans

A

Other name for red “bulls-eye” rash caused by Lyme disease

60
Q

Lyme Disease is often ______ without “bulls-eye rash”

A

Undiagnosed/misdiagnosed

-bacterium is rarely detected in the blood

61
Q

If untreated Lyme Disease can turn into

A

Meningitis, encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy and cause severe arthritis that can last years

62
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi is a

A

Spirochete shaped bacteria

63
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi AKA

A

Lyme Borreliosis

64
Q

Reservoir for Lyme disease

A

Deers

65
Q

2 reasons there is an increase in Lyme disease

A
  1. Movement of human populations into woodland areas

2. Deer populations being protected/ encouraged to feed in suburban yards

66
Q

Treatment of Lyme disease

A
  • Antibiotics in early stages
  • Treatment in later phases is difficult

Prevention: repellent containing DEET and protective clothing

67
Q

Relapsing fever is characterized by

A

Recurring episodes of septicemia and fever

68
Q

Pathogen causing Louse-borne Replapsing Fever

A

Spirochete borrelia recurrentis

69
Q

Pathogen causing endemic Relapsing Fever

A

Several borrelia spp

70
Q

Differences in relapsing fever and brucellosis

A

Relapsing fever- fever lasts week, goes away, comes back

Brucellosis- fever comes back at the same time every day (every afternoon)

71
Q

Louse-borne relapsing fever is transmitted to humans by

A

Human body louse (lice)

72
Q

Endemic relapsing fever is spread to humans by

A

Soft ticks

73
Q

Diagnosis of relapsing fever

A

Observing spirochetes and then treated with antibiotics

74
Q

Infectious mononucleosis causes

A

Severe sore throat and then fever first. Then swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and enlargement of the spleen (50%)

75
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis is a ___ disease

A

Viral

76
Q

Pathogen causing mono

A

HHV-4 AKA Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

77
Q

Infectious mononucleosis AKA

A

Kissing disease

-transmitted via saliva

78
Q

EBV establishes a _________ in the host that has mono

A

Latent infection

79
Q

Splenic enlargement is found in _____ of patients with mono

A

50%

80
Q

Mono is diagnosed by a percents of large ______ and _______

A

Lobed B-lymphocytes and neutropenia

81
Q

Cytomegalovirus is a___disease

A

Viral systemic

82
Q

Most cases of CMV are

A

Asymptomatic

83
Q

CMV is symptomatic in

A

Fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients

Cause birth defects, mono-like symptoms, and eye infections

84
Q

Pathogen causing cytomegalovirus

A

HHV-5 AKA cytomegalovirus (CMV)

85
Q

Latent EBV can increase risk of

A

Autoimmune diseases

SLE, RA, Sjögren’s syndrome, MS

86
Q

EBV is associated with

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, chronic fatigue syndrome

87
Q

CMV is one of the _______ infections in humans

A

Most common

88
Q

Transmission of CMV

A

Bodily secretions

  • often via sexual intercourse
  • in utero exposure and vaginal birth
89
Q

Prevention of CMV

A

Abstinence, mutual monogamy, and safe sex can reduce risk of transmission

90
Q

Treatment of CMV eye infections

A

Fomiveersen

91
Q

Eye infections caused by CMV are a leading cause of blindness in

A

AIDS patients

92
Q

Stages of yellow fever

A
  1. fever, headache, muscle aches
  2. remission
  3. jaundice, delirium, seizures, hemorrhaging (blood in vomit)
93
Q

characteristic signs of yellow fever

A

jaundice and black vomit (blood in vomit)

94
Q

Yellow Fever virus is a

A

arbovirus

95
Q

Yellow fever is transmitted via________ and cases only occur in _____ and ______ today

A

transmitted via mosquito; only found in South America and Africa today

96
Q

Yellow fever is diagnosed by

A

history of travel to endemic regions

97
Q

dengue fever AKA

A

break-bone fever

98
Q

dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has

A

internal bleeding, shock, and possible death

99
Q

dengue fever has __phases

A
  2. fever, edema, head and muscle pain
  3. return of fever and red rash
100
Q

pathogens causing dengue fever and DHF

A

dengue viruses 1,2,3, and 4

101
Q

vector of DF and DHF

A

aedes mosquitos

102
Q

DF is usually

A

asymptomatic or mild (80% of the time)

103
Q

DHF is more severe and can be

A

fatal (<5% of all Dengue cases)

104
Q

dengue fever treatment

A

none available

105
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever causes

A

minor petechiae that progresses to severe internal hemorrhaging, to uncontrolled bleeding under skin and from every body opening

106
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by

A

ebolavirus

107
Q

ebolavirus is a

A

Cat A bioterrorrist threat and BSL-4

108
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever occurs in ______ and the natural reservoir is ______ and is spread by ______

A

Occurs in Africa, the natural reservoir and mode of transmission is unknown, spread person to person by contaminated body fluids and syringes

109
Q

treatment of ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

90% of human victims die

110
Q

The severe form of malaria is called

A

blackwater fever

111
Q

blackwater fever causes

A

dark urine, renal failure, erythrocyte lysis and can be fatal within 24 hours

112
Q

malaria is caused by

A

4 plasmodium species, severity of the illness depends on which pathogen is causing it

113
Q

plasmodium ovale

A

mild malaria

114
Q

plasmodium vivax

A

chronic malaria, Most common pathogen

115
Q

plasmodium malariae

A

more serious form of malaria

116
Q

plasmodium falciparum

A

most severe malaria

117
Q

malaria vector and endemic location

A

vector: mosquito

endemic in the tropics and subtropics

118
Q

a child dies __________ from malaria

A

every minute

119
Q

the majority of toxoplasmosis cases

A

have no symptoms

120
Q

toxoplasmosis is more severe in 2 populations

A
  1. AIDS patients

2. Fetuses (most danger during 1st trimester)

121
Q

pathogen causing toxoplasmosis

A

toxoplasma gondii

cats are the most definitive host

122
Q

spread of toxoplasmosis

A
  1. consuming undercooked, contaminated meat
  2. ingestion or inhalation of feces contaminated soil (pregnant women shouldn’t clean kitty litter boxes)
  3. across the placenta
123
Q

treatment of toxoplasmosis

A

only needed in AIDS patients, pregnant women, and newborns

124
Q

Chagas’ disease has 4 stages

A

Acute stage: chagomas
generalized stage: fever, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen
chronic stage: asymptomatic
symptomatic stage: CHF after formation of pseudocytes

125
Q

chagomas

A

swelling at the sites of Chagas bites

126
Q

pseudocytes

A

cyst like clusters in heart muscle tissue found in Chagas’ diseases

127
Q

pathogen causing Chagas

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

128
Q

transmission of Chagas’ disease

A

bite of true bugs or transfusion with infected blood

129
Q

True bugs AKA

A

kissing bugs

130
Q

treatment of Chagas’ Disease

A

early stages can be treated with medication

late stages are untreatable

131
Q

lymphatic filariasis remains

A

asymptomatic for years (up to 17 years)

132
Q

elephantiasis can result from

A

chronic lymphatic damage

133
Q

pathogen causing lymphatic filariasis

A

wuchereria bancrofti (a roundworm)

134
Q

lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by _____ and endemic in ________

A

mosquitos; endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central, South America and Pacific island nations

135
Q

schistosomiasis AKA

A

Bilharzia or snail fever

136
Q

schistosomiasis signs and symptoms

A

swimmer’s rich at infection site

cirrhosis of lungs and liver

137
Q

schistomiasis pathogens

A

3 species of blood flukes from genus schistosoma

138
Q

s. mansoni

A

Caribbean, Venezuela, Brazil, Arabia, Africa

139
Q

s. haemotobium

A

Africa and India

140
Q

s. japonicum

A

China, Taiwan, Phillipines, and Japan

141
Q

spread of schistosomiasis

A

contact with contaminated water

142
Q

After the parasite enters the body it

A

burrows into the skin, migrates to lungs and liver, matures into adult form and migrates to preferred body part

143
Q

schistosomiasis is

A

potentially fatal and a major public health problem

144
Q

schistosomiasis is considered a ________ and is found ____-

A

emerging disease; usually found in Africa, not in the U.S.

Microbiology (11 decks)

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