Exam 3: Respiratory System Flashcards
Pathogen causing strep throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pharynx appears red, swollen, lymph nodes, with pus pockets covering the tonsils
Strep throat
Pus pockets
Purulent abscesses covering tonsils
Main symptoms of strep throat
- Sore throat with difficulty swallowing
* *Pus pockets on back of throat
Spread of strep throat
Respiratory droplets
Strep throat is Most common in
Children ages 5-15
Treatment for strep throat
Antibiotics to prevent development of rheumatic fever/heart disease
Complications of strep throat
Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever/ heart disease
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Scarlet fever AKA
Scarletina
Development of scarlet fever
a couple of days with strep throat and then pyrogenic toxins trigger diffuse rash
Rash causes by scarlet fever
- Begins on chest, spreads across body
- Tongue becomes strawberry red
- Rash disappears after a week with skin sloughing
Pathogen of scarlet fever
Accompanies strep throat
-lysogenized strain of streptococcus pyogenes
Diphtheria develops a
Pseudomembrane that adheres to posterior throat structures
Pseudomembrane in diphtheria can
Occlude airway and results in sufffocation/death
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Pathogen of diphtheria
- produces diphtheria toxin
- snapping fission, forms palisade arrangement
Diphtheria is symptomatic in
Immunocompromised or non-immune patients
Spread of diphtheria
Respiratory droplets or skin contact
Diagnosis of diphtheria based on
Presence of pseudomembrane
Diphtheria is treated with
Antitoxin and antibiotics
-severe cases with blocked airways may be opened surgically with a tracheotomy
DTap, TDaP
Immunization for diphtheria
Diphtheria is a _____ upper respiratory infection
Dangerous/ can be fatal
Uncommon
Generally, upper respiratory infections are ___________ than lower respiratory infections
Less severe
Sinusitis causes
Pain and pressure of affected sinus along with malaise
Otitis media causes severe pain in
The ears
Pathogens causing sinusitis and otitis media
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae b
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Streptococcus pyogenes
Most common Otitis Media pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Most common sinusitis pathogen
Moraxella catarrhalis
Sinusitis is most common in
Adults
Otitis media is most common in
Children
In sinusitis and Otitis Media, bacteria is spread to ______ via the ______
Spread to the sinuses via the throat
Treatment of sinusitis
Neti pots can help
Avoiding dairy while congested (thickens mucus)
Treatment for otitis media and sinusitis
Antibiotics in severe cases
Adjusting (lots of evidence to back this up)
Pathogens causing common cold
- rhinovirus
- coronaviruses
- Adenovirus
The common cold is a _____ infection
Viral
Rhinoviruses are
Highly infective
Spread of the common cold
Coughing/sneezing, fomites, person to person contact
Best prevention for the common cold
Hand washing
Cough/sneeze into elbow
Pleconaril
Anti-viral medication that can reduce the duration of the common cold
Bacterial pneumonia is a _____ respiratory bacterial disease
Lower
Lungs with bacterial pneumonia are
Inflamed and have fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles
Bacterial pneumonia are most common in
Adults; severity increases with age
Pneumococcal pneumonia AKA
Typical pneumonia
Signs of pneumococcal pneumonia
RUST-COLORED SPUTUM, short rapid breathing, high fever, cough
Pathogen causing pneumococcal pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumococcal pneumonia causes infection by
Inhalation of bacteria
A _____ is needed to diagnose pneumococcal pneumonia
Chest x-ray- consolidation will show up
Once bacteria gets into lungs in pneumococcal pneumonia
Lungs are damaged causing consolidation
Consolidation
Area of pus and fluid in the lungs
Vaccine for pneumococcal pneumonia
PCV
Mycoplasma Pneumonia AKA
Primary Atypical Pneumonia or “walking pneumonia”
Mycoplasmal pneumonia can be
Asymptomatic
Mycoplasmal pneumonia pathogen
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Spread of mycoplasmal pneumonia
Nasal secretions
Klebsiella Pneumnoia symptoms
Pneumonia symptoms plus currant jelly sputum
Currant jelly sputum
Thick, bloody sputum
Dark red, very bloody
Pathogen causing Klebsiella pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumonia is an _____ infection and is common in _____ patients
Opportunistic infection; common in immunocompromised patients (especially older adults)
Haemophilus influenzae b and staphylococcus aureus infections are
Similar to pneumococccal pneumonia
Yersinia petis
Pneumonic plague
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia and bronchitis
Ornithosis AKA
Psittacosis
Symptoms of ornithosis
Flu-like symptoms within 10 days of exposure, may resemble primary atypical pneumonia
Pathogen causing ornithosis
Chlamydophila psittaci
Transmission of ornithosis
- Inhalation of aerosolized feces or respiratory secretions
- ingested from fingers or fomites
- direct beak-to-mouth contact
Legionnaires’ Disease is a ________ respiratory disease
Lower
Legionella pneumophila is the pathogen of what disease
Legionnaires’ disease
Legionella pneumophila can also cause
Pontiac fever
Pontiac fever
Non-fatal flulike illness
Like legionnaires’ disease but without the pneumonia
Spread of legionnaires’ disease
Humans inhale bacteria in aerosols from water sources (showers, vaporizers, whirlpools, hot tubs, AC, grocery store misters)
People at risk for getting legionnaires’ disease
Elderly, smokers, and immunocompromised
Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Primary TB is common in
Children
TB forms a
Granuloma or tubercle
Caseous necrosis
The center of the granuloma or tubercle is cheese-like and decays/necroses
When the center of the granuloma/tubercle fills with air it is a
Tuberculous cavity
Ghon’s complex
Tubercle plus lymph node calcification
Secondary TB is common in
People with suppressed immune systems
Disseminated TB
When infection spreads through the body via blood and lymph
Consumption
Wasting of body from multiple sites; seen in disseminated TB
Diagnosis of TB
- Tuberculin skin test
2. Chest X-ray
Treatment of TB
- Combination antimicrobial treatment for months
- immunization (BCG vaccine)
Pertussis AKA
Whooping Cough
Characteristic cough that develops with pertussis
“Whooping” sound
Pertussis progresses through _____ stages
4
- Incubation
- Catarrhal
- Paroxysmal
- Convalescent
Pathogen causing pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
TB in spine
Pott’s Disease
TB is spread via
Respiratory droplets
People most at risk for TB
Immunocompromised
-leading killer of HIV+ individuals
TB is considered a _____disease because of _________
Re-emerging disease because of drug-resistant strains (MDR, XDR)
Pertussis is _________ and spread trough ______
Highly contagious and spread trough airborne droplets
Most cases of Pertussis are in ______ and it is a _______ disease
Children; reemerging
During which phase of whooping cough is the “whoop” present in the cough?
Paroxysmal phase
Coughing fits caused by pertussis are called
Peroxisms
Epiglottitis is caused by
Haemophilus influenza b
Tripod position
Sitting upright and leaning slightly forward to breath, caused by epiglottitis
Transmission of epiglottitis
Person to person, direct contact, droplet inhalation
Epiglottitis is most commmon in
Children
Epiglottitis
Swelling of the epiglottis that will ultimately block the airway, causing a medial emergency
Symptoms of epiglottitis
Strider (loud breathing), chills, cyanosis, drooling, difficulty breathing and swallowing, hoarseness
Epiglottis is a
Medial emergency requiring immediate medial help
Prevention of epiglottitis
Hib vaccine
Pathogen of inhalation anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus antthracis forms
Endospores
Symptoms of inhalation anthrax
Initially resembles cold or flue and progresses to a high fever, difficulty breathing, shock and death
Anthrax is spread
By inhalation of endospores…. NOT person to person
Inhalation anthrax is _____ in humans and has a ______ mortality rate
Rare in humans and has a high mortality rate
Mortality rate of anthrax
Almost 100%, early treatment can save about 50%
Influenza is caused by
The influenza virus type A and B
Influenza virus AKA
Orthomyxovirus
Influenza is a
Respiratory infection
Major difference in symptoms between common cold and influenza
Myalgia
Type A and B influenza virus have
Two special pieces of proteins
Special pieces of proteins in type A and B influenza viruses
Haemagglutinin (Ha) and Neuraminidase (Na)
Mutations causing Ha and Na to produce new strains
Antigenic drift and antigenic shift
Antigenic drift
Small changes to Ha and Na pieces
Antigenic shift
Viruses jump between different animals and get brand new Ha or Na pieces so they look brand new
Cause of influenza pandemics
Antigenic shift, makes a totally different virus that couldn’t be predicted
Transmission of influenza
Inhalation of virus or by self-inoculation
Flu patients are
Susceptible to secondary bacterial infections because the lung epithelium is damaged
Complications of the flu are common in
Elderly, children, and those with chronic diseases
Treatment of influenza
Anti-virals that must be administered within first 48 hours of infection
Prevention of influenza
Flu vaccine
Flu vaccine is protective against
Only the flu strains (3 strains) included in the vaccine
Famous strains of influenza
1918 Spanish flu
1957 Asian flu
1968 Hong Kong Flu
1918 Spanish flu pandemic lasted for _____ years and killed ______people
Lasted for 2 years and killed more than 50 million people
The Asian flu killed
About 2 million people
Hong Kong flu was _____ and killed ______
Milder; about 1 million people
The most significant infectious diseases single event to ever happen
1918 Spanish flu
2003 Bird Flu
Found in 400 people, killed over 200 of them
2009 “Swine” Flu
Ancestor to 1918 flu
Killed more than 18,000 people
Bronchitis caused by
90% viral
10% bacterial
Viruses causing bronchitis
Rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and influenza
Bacterial causing bronchitis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, bordetella pertussis
Transmission of bronchitis
Person to person via direct or indirect contact
Treatment for acute bronchitis is
Symptomatic: NSAIDs, decongestants, expectorants, antitussives, inhalers
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by
Coronavirus AKA SARS virus
SARS virus is spread by
Respiratory droplets
Treatment of SARS
No treatment or vaccine
Prevented by quarantine
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Starts as a mild URI and progresses to a LRI
RSV can be _____ if these signs are present:
Fatal;
Bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing
If fatal signs are observed in RSV infection it can be called
Bronchiolitis
Pathogen of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (pneumovirus)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus AKA
RSV
RSV is transmitted via
Fomites, hands, and respiratory droplets
MC childhood lower respiratory infection
RSV
Treatment of bronchiolitis
Supportive treatment including oxygen therapy
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
Resembles the flu, once the infection spreads it causes widespread inflammation and can progress to shock and labored breathing
HPS can be
Fatal
Pathogen causing HPS
Hantavirus
HPS is considered an
Emerging disease
Transmission of HPS
Inhalation of visions in dried mouse urine or feces
NOT person to person
Treatment for HPS
No specific treatment
Croup has a characteristic
“Seal-bark” cough
Croup is caused by
Parainfluenza virus (75% of cases)
-could be: RSV, Measles, adenovirus, influenza
Croup is most common in
Children between 3 months and 5 years old
Transmission of croup
Respiratory droplets and person to person contact
Diagnosis of croup
Characteristic seal-bark cough
Supportive treatment unless case is severe (hospitalization, breathing treatments, intubation)
Coccidioidycosis AKA
San Joaquin Valley Fever
60% of patients with Coccidioidomycosis show
No or few symptoms, they resolve on their own
Coccidioidomycosis only spreads to other sites of the body in
Immunocompromised patients
Pathogen of Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioides immitis
Coccidioides immitis
Pathogen assumes yeast for at human body temperature
Spread of Coccidioidomycosis
Only in southwestern U.S. and norther Mexico
Fungal spores from soil enter the body through inhalation
Vehicle of infection of Coccidioidomycosis
Dust from endemic areas that coats materials
- Native American pots and blankets that are sold to tourists
Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis
Presence of spherules, treated with amphotericin B if it doesn’t resolve.
If Coccidioidomycosis spreads to the CNS
Fatal if untreated
Blastomycosis AKA
Gilchrist’s disease
Symptoms of blastomycosis
Flu-like: muscle aches, cough, fever, chills, malaise, weight loss
Blasomycosis will _____ in most people except those that are:
Resolve; immunocompromised
Pathogen of blastomycosis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Blastomycosis is endemic to
Southeastern US north to Canada
Spread of blastomycosis
Enters body through inhalation of dust carrying fungal sports
Emerging disease
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Produces chronic inflammatory disease of mucous membranes and creates painful ulceration of the gums, tongue, lips, and palate
Pathogen of paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Transmission of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Inhalation
Histoplasmosis AKA
Ohio River Valley disease
Percent of patrons with histoplasmosis that are asymptomatic
95%, in most people
Only 5% develop clinical histoplasmosis
Clinical histoplasmosis
Coughing with bloody sputum or skin lesions
Only in immunocompromised patients
Pathogen causing histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasma capsulatum is the
Most common fungal pathogen affecting humans
Histoplasosis is found
In midwestern US, along Ohio River valley and lower Mississippi River
Also found in Africa and Asia
Histoplasmosis fungi is found
In soils containing high nitrogen levels (droppings of bats and birds) near rivers/ lakes/ ponds
Spread of histoplasmosis
Humans inhale airborne spores from the soil
Histoplasmosis is diagnosed by
A granuloma on a chest X-ray
Histoplasmosis infection found in _______ individuals typically resolves _______ treatment
Immunocompetent patients; resolves without treatment
Pneumocytosis Penumonia (PCP)
Infection in immmunocompetent is asymptomatic, with lasting immunity
PCP caused by
Pneumoocystis jirovecii
PCP resembles a _____ more than ______
Protozoa more than fungi
PCP is transmitted by
Inhalation of droplets
PCP is a common _________ fungal infection in _______ patients
Opportunistic fungal infection in AIDS patients
Presence of _______ is diagnostic of AIDS
PCP
Treatment of PCP
Antiprotozoan drugs
Aspergillosis most common causes
Allergies
Aspergillosis is caused by
Fungi in genus aspergillus
Transmission of aspergillosis
Inhalation of fungal spores
Aspergillosis is a ____ disease because of
Emerging disease; found in marijuana, on the rise because of use of medical marijuana
