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Microbiology > Exam 2 Cont. > Flashcards

Exam 2 Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

Benign epithelial growths on skin or mucus membranes

A

Warts

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2
Q

MC warts

A

Fingers and toes (seed warts)

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3
Q

Plantar warts are found

A

On soles of the feet

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4
Q

Flat warts

A

Warts located on trunk, face, elbow, and knees

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5
Q

Human Paillomavirus (HPV)

A

Causes warts

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6
Q

Warts are transmittted via

A

Direct contact and fomites.

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7
Q

Autoinoculation with warts

A

warts can spread from one location to another on the person

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8
Q

Exanthems

A

Rash

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9
Q

5 classical childhood exanthems

A
  1. Rubeola (measles)
  2. Scarlet fever
  3. Rubella (German measles)
  4. Erythema infectiosum
  5. Roseola
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10
Q

Measles AKA

A

Rubeola

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11
Q

Koplik’s spots

A

White spots that appear in the mouth of those infected with measles

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12
Q

Complications of measles

A

Pneumonia, encephalitis, subacute sclerosis’s panencephalitis (SSPE)

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13
Q

Measles virus

A

Pathogen causing measles

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14
Q

Measles is ______ contagious

A

Highly

Infectious for 4 days pre-rash and 4 days after rash appears

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15
Q

Spread of measles

A

Respiratory droplets

-humans are the only host

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16
Q

Vaccine for measles

A

MMR

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17
Q

Rubella AKA

A

German Measles or 3-day measles

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18
Q

Characteristics of German measles

A

Rash of flat, pink to red spots

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19
Q

Rubella infection in children is

A

Not serious

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20
Q

Adult Rubella infection

A

More dangerous than children. Develop arthritis or encephalitis

Extra dangerous in pregnant women

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21
Q

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

A

Infection of pregnant women can cause birth defects or death of the fetus by crossing the placenta.

Mom will be fine, baby is not

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22
Q

Rubella virus

A

Rubella pathogen

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23
Q

Spread of German Measles

A

Respiratory secretions

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24
Q

MMR vaccine

A

Mumps, Measles, Rubella

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25
Q

Rubella vaccine

A

Aimed at preventing rubella infections in women

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26
Q

Congenital Rubella syndrome can cause

A

Cloudy corneas or white appearance to pupil, deafness, developmental delay, low birth weight, intellectual disability, seizures, and microcephaly in children

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27
Q

Spontaneous abortion occurs in ____% of cases with CRS

A

20%

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28
Q

Erythema infectiosum AKA

A

Fifth disease

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29
Q

Common symptom of fifth disease

A

Slapped cheek syndrome

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30
Q

Erythema infectil sum is a ______ disease that manifests as a rash

A

Respiratory

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31
Q

sunlight aggravates this condition

A

Fifth disease

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32
Q

Parvovirus B19

A

Pathogen causing erythema infectiosum/ fifth disease

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33
Q

Spread of erythema infectiosum

A

Respiratory droplets

Once rash is present the person is no longer infectious

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34
Q

Symptoms of roseola

A

Abrupt fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, pink rash on face, neck, trunk, and thighs

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35
Q

Roseola can cause _________ like symptoms

A

Mononucleosis

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36
Q

Diseases that may be linked to roseola

A

AIDS and multiple sclerosis

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37
Q

Human Herpesvirus-6

A

Pathogen causing roseola

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38
Q

Spread of roseola

A

Person to person by transfer of oral secretions

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39
Q

Mycoses are caused by

A

Fungi

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40
Q

2 Characteristics of Mycoses

A

Opportunistic

Not contagious

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41
Q

Piedra

A

Irregular nodes on hair shaft. White and black forms

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42
Q

Black piedra forms

A

Hard, black nodules

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43
Q

White piedra forms

A

Soft, gray to white nodules

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44
Q

Piedraia hortae

A

Black piedra

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45
Q

Tricosporon beigelii

A

White piedra

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46
Q

Spread of piedra

A

Person to person contact or environmental exposure (shared hair brushes and combs)

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47
Q

Treatment of piedra

A

Shaving infected hair

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48
Q

Pityriasis versicolor AKA

A

Tinea versicolor

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49
Q

Pityriasis versicolor

A

Hypo or hyperpigmented patches of skin on trunk, shoulders, and arms

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50
Q

Malassezia furfur causes

A

Pityriasis versicolor

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51
Q

Spread of pityriasis versicolor

A

Person to person contact or environmental exposure

Tanning beds

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52
Q

Diagnosed by a green color under UV light

A

Pityriasis versicolor

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53
Q

Cutaneous mycoses

A

Cutaneous infections caused by dermatophytes

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54
Q

Cutaneous mycoses AKA

A

Ringworm… but there are NO worms involved. It’s a fungus

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55
Q

Transmission of cutaneous mycoses

A

Between people via fomites

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56
Q

Dermatophytoses are ______ and aggravated by ________

A

Often itchy; aggravated by heat and moisture

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57
Q

Diagnosing dermatophytoses

A

KOH preparation of skin or nail sample

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58
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Athlete’s foot

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59
Q

Tinea curis

60
Q

Tinea unguium

A

Finger and toe nails

61
Q

Tinea corporals

62
Q

Tinea capitis

63
Q

Tinea unguium AKA

A

Onychomycosis

64
Q

Genus names associated with dermatophytoses

A

Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
Microsporum

65
Q

Wound mycoses

A

Sporotrichosis

66
Q

Sporotrichosis AKA

A

Rose-gardener’s disease

67
Q

Cutaneous sporotrichosis

A

Nodular lesions around the infection site

68
Q

Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis

A

Secondary lesions occurring on the skin along the course of lymphatic vessels

69
Q

Sporothrix schenckii causes

A

Sporotrichosis

70
Q

Sporotrichosis is introduced by

A

Thorn pricks or wood splinters (soil is the reservoir)

71
Q

People who _________ are at the highest risk for sporotrichosis infections

A

Work with plant material

72
Q

Leishmaniasis can appear in 3 places

A

Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
Visceral

73
Q

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Produces large painless skin lesions

74
Q

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Skin lesions enlarge to encompass mucous membranes

75
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis

A

Parasite is spread by macrophages throughout the body

76
Q

Leishmania is the causative agent of

A

Leishmaniasis

77
Q

Leishmaniasis endemic

A

Parts of the tropics and subtropics

78
Q

Reservoir and vector for leishmaniasis

A

Dogs are the reservoir, transmitted to humans by sand flies (vector)

79
Q

Leishmaniasis AKA

80
Q

Scabies signs and symptoms

A

Intense itching and a rash of small, red, LINEAR bumps at infection site

May see burrows or tunnels

81
Q

Pathogen of scabies

A

The mite or Sarcoptes scabiei

82
Q

Transmission of scabies

A

Prolonged bodily contact, epidemics occur in crowded conditions

83
Q

Treatment of scabies

A

Mite-killing lotions and cleaning of contaminated items. Antihistamines are used to help with itching

Often treat family members and sexual contacts

84
Q

CNS is an _____ environment

85
Q

Pathogens may enter the CNS by:

A
  1. Breaks in bones and meninges
  2. Medical procedures
  3. Travel from PNS
  4. Infect and kill cells of meninges, causing meningitis
86
Q

Bacteria can cause nervous system diseases in 2 ways

A
  1. Infect cells of the nervous system

2. Bacteria growing somewhere else releases toxins that affect neurons

87
Q

Infected cells of the nervous system cause

A

Meningitis and leprosy

88
Q

Bacteria growing elsewhere that released toxins to the neurons

A

Botulism and tetanus

89
Q

Signs and symptoms of bacterial meningitis

A

Severe headache and neck stiffness along with fever, confusion, altered consciousness, vomiting, photophobia or phonophobia

Severe meningeal inflammation

Encephalitis

90
Q

Encephalitis with bacterial meningitis

A

Can cause behavioral changes, coma, and death

91
Q

Bacterial meningitis develops

92
Q

5 bacteria’s that cause 90% of bacterial meningitis cases

A
  1. Neisseria meningitidis
  2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
  3. Haemophilus influenzae b
  4. Listeria monocytogenes
  5. Streptococcus agalactiae
93
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Acquired during birth and can cause meningitis is babies less than 3 months old

94
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae is present in ______% of women

A

50% regularly; causes no problems in the adult

95
Q

Haemophilus influenzae b

A

Transmitted via respiratory droplets

Meningitis in children <5 (MC under 18 months)

96
Q

Streptococcus pneeumoniae

A

Present in throat of 75% of humans

Transmitted via respiratory droplets or opportunistic

MC cause of meningitis in adults

97
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Transmitted via contaminated food

MC in elderly, babies, and pregnant women

98
Q

Neisseria meingitidis AKA

A

Meningococcal meningitis

99
Q

Neisseria meningitidis unique symptom

A

Purple spotted rash

Along with other meningitis symptoms

100
Q

Transmission of neisseria meningitidis

A

Via respiratory droplets

101
Q

Neisseria meningitidis MC in

A

College students in dorms (23X more likely)

Families, soldiers in barracks, prisoners

102
Q

Diagnosis of meningitis

A

Symptoms and culturing bacteria from CSF (spinal tap)

103
Q

Vaccines for bacterial meningitis

A

S. Pneumoniae (PCV)
H. Influenzae b (Hib)
N. Meingitidis (MCV)

104
Q

Leprosy AKA

A

Hansen’s disease

105
Q

Signs and symptoms of leprosy

A

Skin sores, nerve damage, and muscle weakness

106
Q

A strong immune system will develop _____ leprosy

A

Tuberculoid

107
Q

Tuberculoid leprosy

A

Nonprogressive

Regions of lost sensation of skin

108
Q

Weaker immune system develops ________ leprosy

A

Lepromatous

109
Q

Lepromatous leprosy

A

Multiplies in skin and nerve cells.

Progressive, gradual loss of facial features, digits, and other body structures

Development is very slow and may take years

110
Q

Death from leprosy is

111
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Causes leprosy

112
Q

Regions of body where mycobacterium leprae thrives

A

Cooler regions

Peripheral nerve endings and skin cells of fingers, toes, lips, and earlobes

113
Q

Reservoir for mycobacterium leprae

A

Armadillos

114
Q

Transmission of leprosy

A

Person to person contact or breaks in the skin

115
Q

Mycobacterium is

116
Q

Treatment of leprosy

A

Multiple antibiotics; lifelong treatment is sometimes needed

BCG vaccination provides some protection

117
Q

Mycobacterium infections are

A

Very hard to treat; require multiple antibiotics

118
Q

Botulism is an

A

Intoxication

119
Q

Intoxication

A

Poisoning by ingested toxin

120
Q

3 forms for botulism

A

Foodborne
Infant
Wound

121
Q

Botulism is ______ potent

A

Extremely

Small taste of contaminated food can cause death

122
Q

Type of paralysis caused by botulism

A

Flaccid paralysis

123
Q

Pathogen of botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

124
Q

Clostridium botulinum produces

A

7 neurotoxins that bind irreversible to neuromuscular junctions

125
Q

Foodborne botulism appears 1-2 days after

A

Consuming toxin in home-canned foods or preserved fish

126
Q

Patients die from ______ with botulism

A

Asphyxiation

127
Q

Recovering from botulism

A

Very slow as nerve cells grow new endings over the course of months or years

128
Q

Cause of infant botulism

A

Ingestion of endospores that germinate and colonize the GI tract

129
Q

Endospores are common in

130
Q

Food that should not be given to children less than a year old

A

Honey and corn syrup

131
Q

Signs and symptoms of infant botulism

A

Floppy baby syndrome

Crying, constipation, failure to thrive

132
Q

Cause of wound botulism

A

Contamination of a wound by endospores

133
Q

Difference between wound and foodborne botulism

A

Wound has no GI system involvement, no signs of botulism until flaccid paralysis shows up

134
Q

Treatment of botulism

A

Repeated washing of the intestinal tract to remove clostridium

Administration of antitoxin

Antimicrobial drugs in infant botulism

135
Q

Prevention of botulism

A

Proper food canning

Don’t give babies honey or corn syrup

136
Q

Tetanus AKA

137
Q

Pathogen of tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

138
Q

Clostridium tetani neurotoxin

A

Tetanospasmin

139
Q

Risus sardonicus

A

Smiling spasm

140
Q

Signs and symptoms of tetanus

A

Tightening of neck and jaw muscles (lock jaw) and then smiling spasm (risus sardonicus)

Severe, unrelenting spasm (spastic paralysis)

141
Q

Death caused by tetanus

A

Asphyxiation, cannot exhale

142
Q

Spread of tetanus

A

Through a break in skin or mucous membrane

143
Q

clostridium tetani is most commonly grown in

A

Soil

Grows in environments where rust does grow, not caused by rust

144
Q

Neonatal tetanus mortality

145
Q

Neonatal tetanus infection via

A

Infected umbilical stump

146
Q

Treatment of tetanus

A

Clean wound (remove endospores)

Antitoxin

Tetanus toxoid

Antibiotics

147
Q

Highest mortality rate in tetanus occur in

A

Unvaccinated people and people over 60

Microbiology (11 decks)

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