Exam 4 Chapter 18 Flashcards by Craig Henry

adaptive immunity

pathogen-specific defenses

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adaptive vs nonspecific

main difference (1)

specificty and memory

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cellular immunity (cell-mediated)

lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells

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humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)

antibodies tag cells for destruction

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antigen def.

any molecule that triggers an immune response

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antigen examples

proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids

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3 major cells of immune system

Lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

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three categories of lymphocytes

natural killer (NK) cells
t lymphocytes (t cells)
B lymphocytes (b cells)

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All lymphocytes originate in the ___ ____ ______

red bone marrow

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B cells finish developing in the ____ ______

bone marrow

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T cells finish develeoping in the ______ _____

thymus gland

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three stages of cellular/humoral immunity

“three Rs”

“three Rs”
Recognize
React
Remember

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Cytotoxic T cells: killer T cells func.

“Effectors” of cellular immunity; carry out attack

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Helper T cells func.

> > promote cytotoxic T cell and B cell action
nonspecific resistance

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Memory T cells func

memory in cellular immunity

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T/F
T cells can’t recognize antigens on their own

True; need to be shown antigens

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) func.

picks up/display proteins to identy them as self or non-self; T cells activate if non-self

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I MHC location

all nucleated cells

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II MHC location

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; neutrophils/macrophages

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offical antigen-presenting-cells

macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells

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antigen presentation process

APC encounters an antigen
migrates to a lymph node and displays it to T cells
T cells activate immune response

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when does t-cell activation begin?

MHCP displaying an antigen

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costimulation; why?

T cell must check twice to ensure immune system does not attack in enemy absence

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T cell costimulation process»binds where?

must bind to another protein on stimulated cell

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conditions for costimulation

presenting cell must have engulfed antigens OR infected by a virus

what happens when an active cytotoxic T cell encounters its target antigens bound to class I MHC

immediately destroys that cell

releases what to destroy infected cell membrane? | cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

release perforin

secretes what to disrupt cell metabolism? | cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

secrete lymphotixins

secreted cytokines activates what? | cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

genes in infected cells' nucleus to stimulate apoptosis

released inteferons to do what action | cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

inhibit viral replication

T/F Helper T cells secrete a variet of cytokines and interleukins that coordinate only adaptive immune responses

F adaptive AND innate immune responses affected

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will: Stimulate _ cell divisions that produce ____ _ cells

T; memory T

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will: accelerate maturation of what cells?

cytotoxic T cells

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will attract what to an affected area?

macrophages

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will attract and stimulate what cell?

NK cells

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will activate what cells

B cells

Memory T cells activate when

an antigen appears again (2nd/3rd/4th)

T/F B cell carries their own particular antibody molecules

T The body has millions of B cells that differ in antigen specificty

sensitized B cell occurs when

interstitial antigens bind onto B cell surface antibodies

helper T cells bind to what in B cell recognition?

MHC II protein complex surface presented antigens

What does the T cell do once bounded to MHC/antigen complex?

secretes cytokines that stimulate B cell activation and division

Activated B cells divide into :

divides into plasma/memory B cells

Plasma cells func.

produce and secrete antibodies with same antigen target as B cell surface antibodies

T/F Memory B cells remain inactive during initial infection

True, active during 2nd/3rd infection

Antibody class: IgG immunity? ability?

long-term immunity can cross placenta

IgM

primary responses

IgA found in:

found in external fluid secretion

IgD

antigen receptor on the B-Cell

IgE

allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections

neutrilization def. | Action of Antibodies

antibodies that bind to a virus/toxin cover(neutrilize) the binding site that would normally bind to target regions

agglutination and precipitation def | Action of Antibodies

Y shape antibody allows two antigens; causes toxins to release and virus/bacteriophage cells to clump

complement activation>>biding sites provided by what? | Action of Antibodies

antibodies provide binding sites for complements

what phagocytes activate due to the attraction to what | Action of Antibodies

eosinophils/neutrophils/macrophages are all attracted to antibodies

stimulation of inflammation by what cells | Action of Antibodies

antibodies can bind/stimulate basophils and mast cells that stimulate inflammation

opsonization | Action of Antibodies

antibodies/complements bind to antigens to make it easier for phagocytes to grab

prevention of bacterial/viral adhesion | Action of Antibodies

antibody secretions can coat epithelial tissue that blocks bacterial/viral adhesion

primary immune response peaks when?why?

one or two weeks after initial infection due to activation of B cells

first antibody produced in primary immune response

IgM>>primary responses

produced after IgM

IgG

the primary response is very efficient at preventing disease T/F

F merely fights it off over time

secondary immune response memory cells or b cells activated quicker?

Memory cells

secondary immune response antibody/IgG levels

much more rapidly and more IgG produced

secondary immune response is sufficient at fighting infection before disease establishes T/F

immunity def.

ability to combat diseases and cancer

two types of immunity

active and passive

creates specific antibodies how? | active immunity features

infection or vaccines

how long duration? response speed? | active immunity features

short lived; slow

immunity short or long? | active immunity features

long-lived

depend on what cells | active immunity features

memory b/t cells

passive immunity features/achieved how

-body is artificially/birth given prepared antibodies against a specific antigen -shortlived