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Microbiology > Exam 4 Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Chapter 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptive immunity

A

pathogen-specific defenses

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2
Q

adaptive vs nonspecific

main difference (1)

A

specificty and memory

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3
Q

cellular immunity (cell-mediated)

A

lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells

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4
Q

humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)

A

antibodies tag cells for destruction

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5
Q

antigen def.

A

any molecule that triggers an immune response

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6
Q

antigen examples

A

proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids

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7
Q

3 major cells of immune system

A

Lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

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8
Q

three categories of lymphocytes

A

natural killer (NK) cells
t lymphocytes (t cells)
B lymphocytes (b cells)

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9
Q

All lymphocytes originate in the ___ ____ ______

A

red bone marrow

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10
Q

B cells finish developing in the ____ ______

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

T cells finish develeoping in the ______ _____

A

thymus gland

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12
Q

three stages of cellular/humoral immunity

“three Rs”

A

“three Rs”
Recognize
React
Remember

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13
Q

Cytotoxic T cells: killer T cells func.

A

“Effectors” of cellular immunity; carry out attack

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14
Q

Helper T cells func.

A

> > promote cytotoxic T cell and B cell action
nonspecific resistance

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15
Q

Memory T cells func

A

memory in cellular immunity

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16
Q

T/F
T cells can’t recognize antigens on their own

A

True; need to be shown antigens

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17
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) func.

A

picks up/display proteins to identy them as self or non-self; T cells activate if non-self

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18
Q

I MHC location

A

all nucleated cells

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19
Q

II MHC location

A

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; neutrophils/macrophages

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20
Q

offical antigen-presenting-cells

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells

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21
Q

antigen presentation process

A

APC encounters an antigen
migrates to a lymph node and displays it to T cells
T cells activate immune response

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22
Q

when does t-cell activation begin?

A

MHCP displaying an antigen

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23
Q

costimulation; why?

A

T cell must check twice to ensure immune system does not attack in enemy absence

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24
Q

T cell costimulation process»binds where?

A

must bind to another protein on stimulated cell

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25
Q

conditions for costimulation

A

presenting cell must have engulfed antigens OR infected by a virus

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26
Q

what happens when an active cytotoxic T cell encounters its target antigens bound to class I MHC

A

immediately destroys that cell

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27
Q

releases what to destroy infected cell membrane?

cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

A

release perforin

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28
Q

secretes what to disrupt cell metabolism?

cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

A

secrete lymphotixins

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29
Q

secreted cytokines activates what?

cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

A

genes in infected cells’ nucleus to stimulate apoptosis

30
Q

released inteferons to do what action

cytotoxic T cell destruction methods

A

inhibit viral replication

31
Q

T/F
Helper T cells secrete a variet of cytokines and interleukins that coordinate only adaptive immune responses

A

F
adaptive AND innate immune responses affected

32
Q

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will:
Stimulate _ cell divisions that produce ____ _ cells

A

T; memory T

33
Q

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will:
accelerate maturation of what cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells

34
Q

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will attract what to an affected area?

A

macrophages

35
Q

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will attract and stimulate what cell?

A

NK cells

36
Q

secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will activate what cells

A

B cells

37
Q

Memory T cells activate when

A

an antigen appears again (2nd/3rd/4th)

38
Q

T/F
B cell carries their own particular antibody molecules

A

T
The body has millions of B cells that differ in antigen specificty

39
Q

sensitized B cell occurs when

A

interstitial antigens bind onto B cell surface antibodies

40
Q

helper T cells bind to what in B cell recognition?

A

MHC II protein complex surface presented antigens

41
Q

What does the T cell do once bounded to MHC/antigen complex?

A

secretes cytokines that stimulate B cell activation and division

42
Q

Activated B cells divide into :

A

divides into plasma/memory B cells

43
Q

Plasma cells func.

A

produce and secrete antibodies with same antigen target as B cell surface antibodies

44
Q

T/F
Memory B cells remain inactive during initial infection

A

True,
active during 2nd/3rd infection

45
Q

Antibody class: IgG
immunity? ability?

A

long-term immunity
can cross placenta

46
Q

IgM

A

primary responses

47
Q

IgA found in:

A

found in external fluid secretion

48
Q

IgD

A

antigen receptor on the B-Cell

49
Q

IgE

A

allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections

50
Q

neutrilization def.

Action of Antibodies

A

antibodies that bind to a virus/toxin cover(neutrilize) the binding site that would normally bind to target regions

51
Q

agglutination and precipitation def

Action of Antibodies

A

Y shape antibody allows two antigens; causes toxins to release and virus/bacteriophage cells to clump

52
Q

complement activation»biding sites provided by what?

Action of Antibodies

A

antibodies provide binding sites for complements

53
Q

what phagocytes activate due to the attraction to what

Action of Antibodies

A

eosinophils/neutrophils/macrophages are all attracted to antibodies

54
Q

stimulation of inflammation by what cells

Action of Antibodies

A

antibodies can bind/stimulate basophils and mast cells that stimulate inflammation

55
Q

opsonization

Action of Antibodies

A

antibodies/complements bind to antigens to make it easier for phagocytes to grab

56
Q

prevention of bacterial/viral adhesion

Action of Antibodies

A

antibody secretions can coat epithelial tissue that blocks bacterial/viral adhesion

57
Q

primary immune response peaks when?why?

A

one or two weeks after initial infection due to activation of B cells

58
Q

first antibody produced in primary immune response

A

IgM»primary responses

59
Q

produced after IgM

A

IgG

60
Q

the primary response is very efficient at preventing disease T/F

A

F
merely fights it off over time

61
Q

secondary immune response
memory cells or b cells activated quicker?

A

Memory cells

62
Q

secondary immune response antibody/IgG levels

A

much more rapidly and more IgG produced

63
Q

secondary immune response is sufficient at fighting infection before disease establishes T/F

A

T

64
Q

immunity def.

A

ability to combat diseases and cancer

65
Q

two types of immunity

A

active and passive

66
Q

creates specific antibodies how?

active immunity features

A

infection or vaccines

67
Q

how long duration? response speed?

active immunity features

A

short lived; slow

68
Q

immunity short or long?

active immunity features

A

long-lived

69
Q

depend on what cells

active immunity features

A

memory b/t cells

70
Q

passive immunity features/achieved how

A

-body is artificially/birth given prepared antibodies against a specific antigen
-shortlived

Microbiology (15 decks)

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