Exam 4 Chapter 18 Flashcards
adaptive immunity
pathogen-specific defenses
adaptive vs nonspecific
main difference (1)
specificty and memory
cellular immunity (cell-mediated)
lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells
humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)
antibodies tag cells for destruction
antigen def.
any molecule that triggers an immune response
antigen examples
proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids
3 major cells of immune system
Lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
three categories of lymphocytes
natural killer (NK) cells
t lymphocytes (t cells)
B lymphocytes (b cells)
All lymphocytes originate in the ___ ____ ______
red bone marrow
B cells finish developing in the ____ ______
bone marrow
T cells finish develeoping in the ______ _____
thymus gland
three stages of cellular/humoral immunity
“three Rs”
“three Rs”
Recognize
React
Remember
Cytotoxic T cells: killer T cells func.
“Effectors” of cellular immunity; carry out attack
Helper T cells func.
> > promote cytotoxic T cell and B cell action
nonspecific resistance
Memory T cells func
memory in cellular immunity
T/F
T cells can’t recognize antigens on their own
True; need to be shown antigens
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) func.
picks up/display proteins to identy them as self or non-self; T cells activate if non-self
I MHC location
all nucleated cells
II MHC location
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells; neutrophils/macrophages
offical antigen-presenting-cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
B cells
antigen presentation process
APC encounters an antigen
migrates to a lymph node and displays it to T cells
T cells activate immune response
when does t-cell activation begin?
MHCP displaying an antigen
costimulation; why?
T cell must check twice to ensure immune system does not attack in enemy absence
T cell costimulation process»binds where?
must bind to another protein on stimulated cell
conditions for costimulation
presenting cell must have engulfed antigens OR infected by a virus
what happens when an active cytotoxic T cell encounters its target antigens bound to class I MHC
immediately destroys that cell
releases what to destroy infected cell membrane?
cytotoxic T cell destruction methods
release perforin
secretes what to disrupt cell metabolism?
cytotoxic T cell destruction methods
secrete lymphotixins
secreted cytokines activates what?
cytotoxic T cell destruction methods
genes in infected cells’ nucleus to stimulate apoptosis
released inteferons to do what action
cytotoxic T cell destruction methods
inhibit viral replication
T/F
Helper T cells secrete a variet of cytokines and interleukins that coordinate only adaptive immune responses
F
adaptive AND innate immune responses affected
secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will:
Stimulate _ cell divisions that produce ____ _ cells
T; memory T
secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will:
accelerate maturation of what cells?
cytotoxic T cells
secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will attract what to an affected area?
macrophages
secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will attract and stimulate what cell?
NK cells
secreted cytokines (by helper T cells) will activate what cells
B cells
Memory T cells activate when
an antigen appears again (2nd/3rd/4th)
T/F
B cell carries their own particular antibody molecules
T
The body has millions of B cells that differ in antigen specificty
sensitized B cell occurs when
interstitial antigens bind onto B cell surface antibodies
helper T cells bind to what in B cell recognition?
MHC II protein complex surface presented antigens
What does the T cell do once bounded to MHC/antigen complex?
secretes cytokines that stimulate B cell activation and division
Activated B cells divide into :
divides into plasma/memory B cells
Plasma cells func.
produce and secrete antibodies with same antigen target as B cell surface antibodies
T/F
Memory B cells remain inactive during initial infection
True,
active during 2nd/3rd infection
Antibody class: IgG
immunity? ability?
long-term immunity
can cross placenta
IgM
primary responses
IgA found in:
found in external fluid secretion
IgD
antigen receptor on the B-Cell
IgE
allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections
neutrilization def.
Action of Antibodies
antibodies that bind to a virus/toxin cover(neutrilize) the binding site that would normally bind to target regions
agglutination and precipitation def
Action of Antibodies
Y shape antibody allows two antigens; causes toxins to release and virus/bacteriophage cells to clump
complement activation»biding sites provided by what?
Action of Antibodies
antibodies provide binding sites for complements
what phagocytes activate due to the attraction to what
Action of Antibodies
eosinophils/neutrophils/macrophages are all attracted to antibodies
stimulation of inflammation by what cells
Action of Antibodies
antibodies can bind/stimulate basophils and mast cells that stimulate inflammation
opsonization
Action of Antibodies
antibodies/complements bind to antigens to make it easier for phagocytes to grab
prevention of bacterial/viral adhesion
Action of Antibodies
antibody secretions can coat epithelial tissue that blocks bacterial/viral adhesion
primary immune response peaks when?why?
one or two weeks after initial infection due to activation of B cells
first antibody produced in primary immune response
IgM»primary responses
produced after IgM
IgG
the primary response is very efficient at preventing disease T/F
F
merely fights it off over time
secondary immune response
memory cells or b cells activated quicker?
Memory cells
secondary immune response antibody/IgG levels
much more rapidly and more IgG produced
secondary immune response is sufficient at fighting infection before disease establishes T/F
T
immunity def.
ability to combat diseases and cancer
two types of immunity
active and passive
creates specific antibodies how?
active immunity features
infection or vaccines
how long duration? response speed?
active immunity features
short lived; slow
immunity short or long?
active immunity features
long-lived
depend on what cells
active immunity features
memory b/t cells
passive immunity features/achieved how
-body is artificially/birth given prepared antibodies against a specific antigen
-shortlived
