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Microbiology > Exam 4 - Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microbiome def.

A

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and their genetic material that are associated with a certain organism or environment

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2
Q

transient microbiota

A

commensal, present for days/weeks/months

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3
Q

normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host, does not cause disease under normal conditions

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4
Q

Normal microbiota are usually ________

A

mutualists

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5
Q

What factors affect the distribution and composition of normal microbiota? (4)

A

Nutrients
Physical and chemical factors
Host defenses
Mechanical factors

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6
Q

microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) def.

A

a competition between microbes

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7
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by:
a) competing for nutrients
b) producing substances harmful to invading microbes
c) affecting pH and available oxygen
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

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8
Q

other benefit of microbes:

A

produce vitamins
digest materials that humans cannot

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9
Q

broad-spectrum antibiotic def.

A

one that kills many different types of bacteria

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10
Q

pathology def.

A

the study of disease

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11
Q

etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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12
Q

pathogenesis

A

the development of disease

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13
Q

infection def.

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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14
Q

disease def.

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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15
Q

symptoms def.

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease
»subjective
»patient must describe symptoms

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16
Q

signs def.

A

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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17
Q

syndrome def.

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

group of symptoms

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18
Q

communicable disease def.

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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19
Q

contagious disease def.

A

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

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20
Q

noncommunicable disease def.

A

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

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21
Q

herd immunity def.

A

immunity in most of a population

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22
Q

incidence def.

A

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

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23
Q

prevalence def.

A

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared (both old and new cases)

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24
Q

sporadic disease def.

A

disease that occurs only occasionally

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25
Q

endemic disease def.

A

disease constantly present in a population

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26
Q

epidemic disease def.

A

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

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27
Q

pandemic disease def.

A

worldwide epidemic

28
Q

outbreak def.

A

occurence of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season

29
Q

acute disease def.

A

symptoms develop rapidy but the disease lasts only a short time

30
Q

chronic disease def.

A

symptoms develop slowly or have been ongoing

31
Q

subacute disease def.

A

intermediate between acute and chronic

32
Q

latent disease def.

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

33
Q

subclinical disease def.

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

34
Q

local infection def.

A

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

35
Q

systemic infection def.

A

an infection throughout the body

36
Q

focal infection def.

A

infection that began as a local infection and spread to other confined areas of the body

37
Q

sepsis def.

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

blood poisioning from systemic infection

rapid loss of blood pressure

38
Q

primary infection def.

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

39
Q

secondary infection def.

A

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

40
Q

incubation period def.

A

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

41
Q

prodromal period def.

A

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

42
Q

period of illness def.

A

disease is most severe

43
Q

period of decline def.

A

signs and symptoms subside

44
Q

period of convalescence def.

A

body returns to its prediseased state

45
Q

human reservoirs def.

A

carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

humans infected by pathogens that exist on or within the human body

46
Q

animal reservoirs def.

A

zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

domesticated and wild animals infected by pathogens

47
Q

nonliving reservoirs examples(2)

A

soil and water

48
Q

reservoirs def. (epid)

A

reservoir is where an infectious agent or a parasite can live, grow, and reproduce continual sources of infection

49
Q

transmissions of disease (3)

A

contact transmission
vehicle transmission
vector transmission

50
Q

contact transmissions (3)

A

direct contact
indirect contact
droplet transmission

51
Q

direct contact transmission def.

A

requires close association with between the infected person and a susceptible host

52
Q

indirect contact transmission def.

A

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

53
Q

droplet transmision def.

A

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

54
Q

vehicle transmission def.

A

transmission by an inanimate reservoir

55
Q

inanimate reservoir (3)

Vehicle Transmission

A

waterborne
foodborne
airborne

56
Q

vector transmission

A

infection transmission via second population (vector)

57
Q

vector sources

A

fleas, ticks, mosquitoes

58
Q

vector transmission two methods

A

mechanical transmission
biological transmission

59
Q

mechanical transmission def.

A

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

60
Q

biological transmission

A

pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces

61
Q

health-care associated infections (HAI)

A

infections acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility (nosocomial infections)

62
Q

compromised host def.

A

an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

63
Q

epidemiology def.

A

study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

64
Q

epidemiologists are:

A

are health professionals who identify the causes of a disease, those at risk of contracting it, and how to stop or control its spread.

65
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A

collects and analyzes epidemiological information to the U.S

66
Q

morbidity def.

A

rate of disease

67
Q

mortality def.

A

deaths from notifiable disease

Microbiology (15 decks)

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