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Microbiology > Exam 4 Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

virulence def.

A

pathogen’s disease-causing ability

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2
Q

T/F
High Virulency = high pathogenicity

A

True

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3
Q

virulence factors def

A

the attributes of a microbe that enable it to cause disease (aka virulence determinants)

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4
Q

T/F
immune system does not need to be completely overcome

A

True
Only long enough to multiply and leave host

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5
Q

(4) ways a pathogen causes disease

the four steps

A

1) Production of toxins are ingested
2) Colonization of surface of host followed by toxin production
3) Invasion of host tissue
4) Invasion of host tissue followed by toxin production

ingestion/colonization/invade/invade+toxins

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6
Q

Toxin Ingestion virulence factor

leads to what?

A

Toxin production

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7
Q

Colonization of surface host followed by toxin production virulence factor are mechanisms that allow what?

A

attachment to host cells AND to deliver toxin

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8
Q

Invasion of host tissues virulence factors (3)

steps microbe will take in invading

A

-Penetration of barriers and multiply in tissues
- Attach to host cells
-Avoid destruction by macrophages

ex.salmonella

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9
Q

Adherence proteins on bacterial cells are called:

A

adhesins (tip of pili or fimbriae)

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10
Q

alternative method for adhesion

A

slime layers or capsules

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11
Q

secretory antibodies (IgA) func.

A

bind to adhesins to prevent attachment

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12
Q

siderophores func.

A

iron-binding molecules; compete with host proteins for circulating iron

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13
Q

penetration of mucous membranes mechanisms (2)

A

Directed uptake
Changes in surface molecules via antigen variation

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14
Q

Directed uptake func.

A

deliver molecules directly into host cell

used by gram negative bacteria

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15
Q

antigen-sampling: M cells act as a

A

a conduit between intestinal lumen and lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

actin tails

A

pathogen ability to propel using actin tails

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17
Q

Avoiding Complement Proteins

complement proteins act in a system to produce three outcomes:

A

inflammation
lysis of foreign cells (MAC)
Opsonization

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18
Q

T/F
Gram-neg bacteria are susceptible to the membrane-attack complex

A

True, outer membrane serves as a target

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19
Q

How can pathogens avoid the membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

by binding the host’s own regulatory proteins

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20
Q

preventing opsonization: capsule

inactivates complement how?

A

capsule proteins bind to complement regulatory proteins = inactive complement

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21
Q

preventing opsonization

: M protein func.

binds to what to inactivate complement proteins?

A

binds to complement regulatory proteins

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22
Q

preventing opsonization:

what role do Fc receptors play in binding of antibodies?

A

region where antibodies can attach to pathogen in opposite direction

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23
Q

Surviving within the Phagocyte

mechanisms include:

mechanisms used to survive within phagocyte (3)

escape/prevent/survive

A

escape from phagosome
preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion
surviving within phagolysosome

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24
Q

Surviving within the Phagocyte: mechanism:

escaping from phagosomes allows bacteria to do what?

A

bacteria to multiply in the cytoplasm

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25
Q

Surviving within the Phagocyte: mechanism:

surviving within phagolysosome allows the pathogen to do delay what?

A

Delay fusion(of phagolysosome) to allow organism time to equip itself for growth/survival within phagosome

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26
Q

Avoiding Antibodies

mechanisms (3)

Cleaves what bonds?
Antigenic variation =
how disguise self?

A

Cleave Peptide bonds via IgA protease
Change surface molecules viaAntigenic variation
mimicking host molecules

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27
Q

Avoiding Antibodies

antigenic variation func.

A

alteration of surface molecules (antigens)»antibody
»allows bacteria to stay ahead of antibody production

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28
Q

Avoiding Antibodies

mimicking host molecules func.

A

pathogens can cover themselves with molecules that resemble normal host “self” molecules

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29
Q

Damage to the Host

in order to cause disease, the pathogen must cause what?

A

damage

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30
Q

Damage to the Host

damage facilitiates what once it happens?

coughing/diarrhea why?

A

dispersal of organisms

vibrio cholerae causes diarrhea

bordetella petussis causes coughing

31
Q

Exotoxins

exotoxins are secreted by :

A

bacterium

or leak into surrounding fluids following cell lysis

32
Q

exotoxins are made by:

A

protein

makes them heat labile; and good toxoids

33
Q

xFunctional categories of exotoxins (** know examples**)

A

Neurotoxins
Enterotoxins
Cytotoxins

34
Q

Neurotoxins damage what?

example?

A

damage to nervous system

> > ex. tetanus toxin

35
Q

Major symptom of a neurotoxin

A

paralysis

36
Q

Enterotoxins def

example? (bloody diarrhea)

A

Damage to intestines and tissues of digestive tract
»ex. shiga toxin -> bloody diarrhea

37
Q

Cytotoxins def/func

A

Damage to various cells; inteference with cell function or lysis
»ex. trachael cytotoxin

38
Q

Exotoxins STRUCTURAL categories

A

A-B Toxins
Membrane-damaging toxins
Superantigens

39
Q

Two parts of A-B toxins

A

A and B

40
Q

A-Toxin

A

A subunit is the toxic or active part

41
Q

B-Toxin

A

B subunit binds to specific receptors on cells
ex» shiga toxin

the receptor

42
Q

Membrane-Damaging Toxins func.

A

disrupts plasma membranes

aka hemolysins or cytolysins

43
Q

phospholipases func.

A

remove the polar head of phospholipids
»Destabilizes the membrane causing it to rupture ex. C. perfrinigens

44
Q

superantigens func.

A

cause over-stimulation of helper T cells
»stimulates 1 in 5 T cells versus 1 in 10,000 T cells

45
Q

Helper T cells release _________ that induce immune response.

A

cytokines

46
Q

toxic shock syndrome def.

A

systemic shock leading to the failure or organ systems, circulatory collapse and death

47
Q

Endotoxins are all gram-______ cells

A

negative

48
Q

Endotoxins

T/F
Endotoxins are heat stable

A

true; not suitable for use as toxoids

49
Q

Endotoxins

what lipid (a/b) is responsible for toxic properties?

A

Lipid A

50
Q

Endotoxins

what toxin is responsible for septic shock?

A

endotoxins; endotoxic shock

51
Q

Endotoxins

other bacterial ____ ____ components can act as endotoxins

A

cell wall

52
Q

endotoxic shock symptoms

A

fever, drop in blood pressure

53
Q

How are viruses taken up into cells once attached?

A

receptor mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion

54
Q

Avoiding immune responses

inteferon func.

A

alter regulatory responses of cells in event of viral infection; limits viral replication

55
Q

how viruses interrupt inteferon inhibition

A

by encoding specific proteins

56
Q

viruses and host damage: viruses enter the host and then what?

A

enter, replicate, and burst
releasing copies to infect new cells

57
Q

why would a virus block apoptosis?how?

A

to avoid immune response, blocks p53

58
Q

why would a virus induce apoptosis?

A

limits inflammatory response and stimulation of immunity

59
Q

apoptosis is regulated by a protein called ____

A

p53

60
Q

T/F
antibodies interact with extracellular viruses only

A

true; viruses develop mechanisms to directly transfer from one cell to neighbor to avoid antibody exposure

61
Q

syncytium def.

viruses create this why?

A

virus method to avoid immune response; forces cells to fuse

remains intracellular

62
Q

syncytium vs biofilm

A

syncytium is a fuse of natural human cells
biofilm is a merge of multiple organisms

63
Q

Viruses can use antibody to enhance infectability

what portion does the virus attach to of an antibody

A

Fc; initiates Fc-mediated uptake of viral-antibody complex by macrophages

64
Q

t/f
viruses replicate faster than antibodies

A

true; can rapidle alter surface antigens

65
Q

Eukaryotic Pathogenesis: fungi

saprophyte def.

A

an organism that feeds on decaying matter

66
Q

fungi that cause disease are generally:

A

opportunistic; candida albicans

67
Q

most serious fungal infections are caused by

A

dimorphic fungi

68
Q

how does infection begin in fungal eukaryotic pathogensis

A

inhalation of airborne spores»spores lodge in lung tissues

69
Q

T/F
spores then live inside macrophages

A

True; undergo morphological change

70
Q

mycotoxins damage what?

A

liver

71
Q

eukaryotic parasites main pathogenesis method:

A

via bite of arthopod

72
Q

what fungal species can enter directly through skin?

A

Schistisoma

73
Q

Eukaryotic pathogenesis: fungi

extent of damage:(3)

; what kind of damage?

A

compete for host nutrients
blockages of intestines/other organs
enzymes digest host tissues

Microbiology (15 decks)

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