Exam 4 Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

innate defenses

A

generalized mechanisms that are effective against a broad range of pathogens

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2
Q

first line of defense

A

skin and mucous membranes

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3
Q

second line of defense

A

several nonspecific defence mechanisms (WBCs)

leukocytes/macrophages/antimicrobialproteins/nkcells/inflammation/fever

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4
Q

adaptive defenses (specific immunity)

A

mechanisms that target specific pathogens

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5
Q

third line of defense

A

immune system

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6
Q

Nonspecific defenses (6)

A

antimicrobial proteins
external barriers
fever
inflammation
leukocytes
species resistance

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7
Q

species resistance

A

pathogens are species specific, certain conditions must exist to survive

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8
Q

external barriers (3)

A

skin
fluids
mucous membranes

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9
Q

why is skin = growth resistant?

A

toughness of keratin
too dry and nutrient-poor for microbrial growth

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10
Q

acid mantle def.

A

thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth

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11
Q

dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicdins purpose

A

peptides in the skin that kill microbes

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12
Q

fluids sources

A

sweat
tears
saliva
urine
stomach/vagina low pH

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13
Q

mucous membranes functions

A

trap potential pathogens
sweep trapped pathogens
lyses by tears,saliva,nasal secretions,sweat

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14
Q

phagocytes def

A

cells that engulf foreign matter

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15
Q

neutrophil location

A

connective tissue/bonemarrow

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16
Q

neutrophil func.

A

phagocytosis and digestion
can also produce a cloud of bactericial chemicals

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17
Q

eosinophils location

A

mucous membranes

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18
Q

eosinophils functions (4)

A

-guard against parasites,allergens
-promotes basophils and mast cells
-phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
-limit histamine

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19
Q

basophils functions

A

aid mobility/action of other leukocytes
inflammation stimuator

20
Q

leukotrienes func.

A

attract neutrophils and eosinophils

21
Q

histamine func.

A

vasodilator, increase bloodflow

22
Q

heparin func.

A

inhibits clot formation/bloodthinner

23
Q

mast cells

A

type of connective tissue cell similar to basophils

24
Q

monocytes func

A

emigrate from blood into connective tissues to transform into macrophages

25
Q

what consists the whole macrophage system

A

all the body’s avidly phagocytic cells

26
Q

fixed macrophages def.

A

phagocytize only pathogens that come to them

27
Q

Lymphocytes categories

A

T, B and NK cells

28
Q

natural killer cells (NK) func.

A

monitor body for cells expressing antigens
reacts to pathogens, virus-infected cells, or cancer cells
release chemicals called perforin and granzyme

29
Q

Antimicrobial proteins def

A

proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

30
Q

antimicrobial proteins types (2)

A

interferons
complement

31
Q

interferons func.

A

alerts neighboring cells of its own infection and activates NK cells and macrophages

32
Q

complement system(general def)

A

group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific and adaptive immunity

33
Q

complement system activated by

A

presence of a pathogen

34
Q

activated complement system four methods of pathogen destruction(i.i.p.c)

A

inflammation
immune clearance
phagocytosis
cytolysis

35
Q

inflammation func.

A

a complement protein stimulates mast cells and basophils to secrete histamine and other inflammatory chemicals

body is sending cells to fight infection/damage

36
Q

immune clearance

step 1

A

a complement protein binds antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes to RBCs –>

37
Q

phagocytosis func.

requires what for easier oposonization?

A

phagocytosis requires a complement protein to opsonize naked pathogens (easier to grab)

engulf foreign matter

38
Q

immune clearance step 2

A

RBCs then circulate through liver and spleen –>

39
Q

immune clearance step 3

A

macrophages of these organs go off and destroy the Ag-Ab complexes leaving the RBCs unharmed

40
Q

cytolysis func

A

a complement protein binds to enemy cell– forming a hole in the target pathogen (membrane attack complex)

41
Q

fever def.

A

an abnormal elevation of body temperature

42
Q

fever func.(4)

A

promotes interferon activity
elevates metabolic rate
accelerates tissue repair
inhibits reproduction of pathogens

43
Q

high fevers dangerous why?

A

sped up enzymatic pathways and dysregulate cellular function

44
Q

inflammation purpose

A

limit spread of pathogens
remove debris from damaged tissue
initiates tissue repair

45
Q

inflammation process.

A

fibrinogen accumulates to wall off region so pathogens can’t spread
control>remove dead cells/debris>cell division replacement

46
Q

four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain