Exam 4 Chapter 17

Question 1

innate defenses

Answer 1

generalized mechanisms that are effective against a broad range of pathogens

Question 2

first line of defense

Answer 2

skin and mucous membranes

Question 3

second line of defense

Answer 3

several nonspecific defence mechanisms (WBCs)

leukocytes/macrophages/antimicrobialproteins/nkcells/inflammation/fever

Question 4

adaptive defenses (specific immunity)

Answer 4

mechanisms that target specific pathogens

Question 5

third line of defense

Answer 5

immune system

Question 6

Nonspecific defenses (6)

Answer 6

antimicrobial proteins
external barriers
fever
inflammation
leukocytes
species resistance

Question 7

species resistance

Answer 7

pathogens are species specific, certain conditions must exist to survive

Question 8

external barriers (3)

Answer 8

skin
fluids
mucous membranes

Question 9

why is skin = growth resistant?

Answer 9

toughness of keratin
too dry and nutrient-poor for microbrial growth

Question 10

acid mantle def.

Answer 10

thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth

Question 11

dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicdins purpose

Answer 11

peptides in the skin that kill microbes

Question 12

fluids sources

Answer 12

sweat
tears
saliva
urine
stomach/vagina low pH

Question 13

mucous membranes functions

Answer 13

trap potential pathogens
sweep trapped pathogens
lyses by tears,saliva,nasal secretions,sweat

Question 14

phagocytes def

Answer 14

cells that engulf foreign matter

Question 15

neutrophil location

Answer 15

connective tissue/bonemarrow

Question 16

neutrophil func.

Answer 16

phagocytosis and digestion
can also produce a cloud of bactericial chemicals

Question 17

eosinophils location

Answer 17

mucous membranes

Question 18

eosinophils functions (4)

Answer 18

-guard against parasites,allergens
-promotes basophils and mast cells
-phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
-limit histamine

Question 19

basophils functions

Answer 19

aid mobility/action of other leukocytes
inflammation stimuator

Question 20

leukotrienes func.

Answer 20

attract neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 21

histamine func.

Answer 21

vasodilator, increase bloodflow

Question 22

heparin func.

Answer 22

inhibits clot formation/bloodthinner

Question 23

mast cells

Answer 23

type of connective tissue cell similar to basophils

Question 24

monocytes func

Answer 24

emigrate from blood into connective tissues to transform into macrophages

Question 25

what consists the whole macrophage system

Answer 25

all the body's avidly phagocytic cells

Question 26

fixed macrophages def.

Answer 26

phagocytize only pathogens that come to them

Question 27

Lymphocytes categories

Answer 27

T, B and NK cells

Question 28

natural killer cells (NK) func.

Answer 28

monitor body for cells expressing antigens reacts to pathogens, virus-infected cells, or cancer cells release chemicals called perforin and granzyme

Question 29

Antimicrobial proteins def

Answer 29

proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Question 30

antimicrobial proteins types (2)

Answer 30

interferons complement

Question 31

interferons func.

Answer 31

alerts neighboring cells of its own infection and activates NK cells and macrophages

Question 32

complement system(general def)

Answer 32

group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific and adaptive immunity

Question 33

complement system activated by

Answer 33

presence of a pathogen

Question 34

activated complement system four methods of pathogen destruction(i.i.p.c)

Answer 34

inflammation immune clearance phagocytosis cytolysis

Question 35

inflammation func.

Answer 35

a complement protein stimulates mast cells and basophils to secrete histamine and other inflammatory chemicals ## Footnote body is sending cells to fight infection/damage

Question 36

immune clearance ## Footnote step 1

Answer 36

a complement protein binds antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes to RBCs -->

Question 37

phagocytosis func. ## Footnote requires what for easier oposonization?

Answer 37

phagocytosis requires a complement protein to opsonize naked pathogens (easier to grab) ## Footnote engulf foreign matter

Question 38

immune clearance step 2

Answer 38

RBCs then circulate through liver and spleen -->

Question 39

immune clearance step 3

Answer 39

macrophages of these organs go off and destroy the Ag-Ab complexes leaving the RBCs unharmed

Question 40

cytolysis func

Answer 40

a complement protein binds to enemy cell-- forming a hole in the target pathogen (membrane attack complex)

Question 41

fever def.

Answer 41

an abnormal elevation of body temperature

Question 42

fever func.(4)

Answer 42

promotes interferon activity elevates metabolic rate accelerates tissue repair inhibits reproduction of pathogens

Question 43

high fevers dangerous why?

Answer 43

sped up enzymatic pathways and dysregulate cellular function

Question 44

inflammation purpose

Answer 44

limit spread of pathogens remove debris from damaged tissue initiates tissue repair

Question 45

inflammation process.

Answer 45

fibrinogen accumulates to wall off region so pathogens can't spread control>remove dead cells/debris>cell division replacement

Question 46

four cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 46

Redness Heat Swelling Pain