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Microbiology > Exam 2 - Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum total of chemical reactions of biosynthesis and energy-harvesting

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2
Q

What two fundamental tasks must cells accomplish in order to grow?

A

-synthesize new components(biosynthesis)
-harvest energy

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3
Q

What are the two components of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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4
Q

What type of reactions are catabolism? (how is energy made)

A

Degradative, produces energy from breaking down large molecules

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5
Q

What type of reactions are Anabolism?

A

Synthesis of cell components; require energy from catabolic reactions

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6
Q

What are the two types in which energy can exist?

A

Potential (stored) and Kinetic (motion)

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7
Q

True or false: Energy can be converted from one form to another

A

True. vice versa as well

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8
Q

Energy is always lost what what form?

A

Heat

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9
Q

Free energy =

A

released energy that is available to do work

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10
Q

Proton pumps are membrane proteins that
actively transport H+ across the membrane
creating a concentration gradient. What type
of energy does this concentration gradient
represent?
1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy
3. Heat energy
4. Free energy

A
  1. Potential energy [gradient]
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11
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Reactants have more free energy than products, energy is released

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12
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Products have more energy than reactants, energy is consumed

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13
Q

What initial input of energy is required to break chemical bonds?

A

Activation Energy

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14
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substances that lower the activation energy of reaction (not consumed in the reaction)

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15
Q

Biological catalysts are called:

A

Enzymes

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16
Q

Name some properties of Enzymes

A

-Very Specific(will only act with one or a limited number of substrates)
-Do not alter reactants or products of a chemical reaction
- end in -ase

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17
Q

What is a substrate? What is formed?

A

The specific substance on which the enzyme acts; products are formed

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18
Q

Cofactor

A

Non-protein component reacting with enzyme

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19
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactors; NAD+,FAD+,NADP+

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20
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature = speed of reaction
pH = function best above 7
NaCl concentration = low preferred

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21
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitor competes for active site with substrate and is structurally similar

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22
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitor and substract act on different enzyme sites

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23
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Regulates product production, modifies enzyme affinity to substrate

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24
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

End product of pathway acts on allosteric site of enzyme and shuts down pathway

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25
Oxidation-reduction reactions
reactions in which one or more electrons is transferred from one substance to another
26
Compounds that LOSE electrons are:
Oxidized
27
Compounds that GAIN electrons are:
Reduced
28
True or false: Electron carriers can be fixed OR diffusible
True
29
Energy currency of the cell
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
30
What is ATP composed of?
Negatively charged phosphate groups attached to an adenosine molecule; creating an unstable, energy releasing bond
31
What properties of ATP make it so well- suited to serving as the energy currency of the cell?
The high-energy unstable negative bonds release energy when broken.
32
What three mechanisms create ATP?
Substrate phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation
33
Substrate phosphorylation
Uses chemical energy to add phosphate ion to molecule of ADP
34
Oxidative phosphorylation
Uses energy from proton motive force to add phosphate ion to ADP
35
Photophosphorylation
Utilizing radiant energy from sun to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
36
Fermentation
Living systems that used pyruvate as a final electron acceptor; main goal is to reoxidize NADH to NAD+
37
Fermentation pathways (2)
Alcoholic and lactic
38
How is ATP usually produced in fermentation? Max yield?
Substrate phosphorylation; 2 ATP(glycolysis)
39
Cellular Respiration
Metabolic pathway that generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
40
How is ATP usually produced in Cellular Respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation
41
Glycolysis definition
Breakdown of Glucose Common fermentation pathway, (also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway
42
Redox Reactions
oxidation-reduction reactions, where oxidation and reduction occur in tandem
43
Fermentation vs Respiration
F = End products varied; small amount ATP produced F = Occurs in absence of oxygen(anaerobic) R = Occurs in presence of oxygen(aerobic) R = End products are consistent; large amount ATP produced
44
Glycolysis requires what in order to continue
NADH must be oxidized to regenerate NAD+
45
Glycolysis; broadly:
Glucose consumed; pyruvate produced 2NADH produced, only to regenerate NAD+ 2ATP Produced; (whole point)
46
Glycolysis end products
Alcohol/Wine/Cheese/Butane
47
What 4 components does a standard respiration pathway involve?
Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) ETC, Electron transport chain
48
Pyruvate Oxidation function
Modifies 3-C Pyruvate from glycolysis to 2-C acetyl CoA NAD+ is reduced to NADH
49
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle function
Completes oxidation of glucose Takes acetyl CoA, releases CO2 2 ATP 4 CO2 6 NADH2 2 FADH2
50
Electron Transport Chain
Group of membrane-embedded electron carriers; their arrangement aids in production of proton motive force = ATP harnessed from movement
51
ETC Products
10 Protons pumped out per NADH One NADH = 3 ATP 6 Protons pumped out per FADH One FADH = 2 ATP
52
How much ATP produced through Substrate Phosphorylation?
4
53
How much ATP produced through Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Eukaryotic = 38 ATP Prokaryotic= 24 ATP
54
Anaerobic Respiration
Oxygen does not act as final Electron acceptor/Less efficient/Nitrate Reduction
55
Chemolithotrophs functions
-oxidize inorganic chemicals as source of energy -generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
56
Chemolithotroph groups (4)
Hydrogen Bacteria'' Sulfur Bacteria'' Iron Bacteria'' Nitrifying Bacteria''
57
Photosynthesis
Organisms use to harvest energy from light Carbs from CO2
58
Two distinct stages(types) of photosynthesis
Light dependent = light --> chemical energy Light independent = light reactions --> chemical compounds
59
Photosystems
Protein complexes containing pigments
60
Photosystems locations in: Cyanobacteria/plants/p+g bacteria
Cyanobacteria: embedded in membranes; thylakoid Plants: thylakoids within chloroplasts P+G: cytoplasmic membrane
61
Two tasks that light dependent reactions accomplish
Synthesis of ATP thorough photophosphorylation Generate reducing power to fix CO2
62
Photosystem I - Cyclic
When only ATP is needed
63
Photosystem I + II - Noncyclic
When ATP and reducing power are needed; NADP+ reduced to NADPH; system I is left oxidized
64
Three stages of Calvin Cycle
-CO2 --> Organic compound -Reduction of resulting molecules -Regeneration of starting compound
65
T or F; Noncyclic is anaerobic
FALSE
66
T or F; Anoxygenic bacteria use water as an electron donor
False; use hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, or organic compounds
67
Light Independent Reaction term for converting CO2 into organic carbon
Carbon Fixation
68
Most common pathway of carbon fixation
Calvin cycle
69
Where did the carbon found throughout the cell of a cyanobacterium originate? Soil Water Air Light
Air
70
Where are carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis found?
From glycolysis intermediates or TCA
71
Synthesis of what requires nitrogen bases to be constructed atom by atom from other sources?
Nucleotide Synthesis
72
What acids are synthesized two carbons at a time?
Fatty(Lipid synthesis)
73
What holds the growing lipid synthesis chain in place?
acyl carrier proteins (ACP)
74
Ecology definition
The study of relationships between organisms to each other and the environment
75
Community definition (biology)
Organisms in a given area
76
An ecosystem is
communities interacting with each other and non-living environment
77
Trophic level =
Food source of organism
78
Three general trophic levels
Primary producers Consumers Decomposers
79
What cycles are cyclical paths that elements take as they flow through living and nonliving components of the ecosystem?
Biogeochemical Cycles
80
Three general purposes that elements play in an organism's metabolism
Biomass production Energy source Terminal electron acceptor
81
Carbon Cycle Steps
Carbon fixation Respiration/Fermentation Combustion Carbon reduction Methane oxidation
82
Nitrogen cycle steps
Nitrogen fixation Ammonification Nitrification Denitrification
83
Nitrogen fixation
process by which nitrogen gas is reduced to form ammonia
84
Ammonification
decomposition process that converts organic nitrogen into ammonia
85
Nitrification
process that oxidizes ammonium to nitrate
86
Denitrification
process that converts nitrate to gaseous nitrogen
87
Sulfur cycle
Sulfur oxidation Sulfur reduction

Microbiology (15 decks)

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