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Microbiology > Exam 2 - Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum total of chemical reactions of biosynthesis and energy-harvesting

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2
Q

What two fundamental tasks must cells accomplish in order to grow?

A

-synthesize new components(biosynthesis)
-harvest energy

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3
Q

What are the two components of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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4
Q

What type of reactions are catabolism? (how is energy made)

A

Degradative, produces energy from breaking down large molecules

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5
Q

What type of reactions are Anabolism?

A

Synthesis of cell components; require energy from catabolic reactions

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6
Q

What are the two types in which energy can exist?

A

Potential (stored) and Kinetic (motion)

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7
Q

True or false: Energy can be converted from one form to another

A

True. vice versa as well

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8
Q

Energy is always lost what what form?

A

Heat

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9
Q

Free energy =

A

released energy that is available to do work

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10
Q

Proton pumps are membrane proteins that
actively transport H+ across the membrane
creating a concentration gradient. What type
of energy does this concentration gradient
represent?
1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy
3. Heat energy
4. Free energy

A
  1. Potential energy [gradient]
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11
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Reactants have more free energy than products, energy is released

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12
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Products have more energy than reactants, energy is consumed

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13
Q

What initial input of energy is required to break chemical bonds?

A

Activation Energy

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14
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substances that lower the activation energy of reaction (not consumed in the reaction)

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15
Q

Biological catalysts are called:

A

Enzymes

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16
Q

Name some properties of Enzymes

A

-Very Specific(will only act with one or a limited number of substrates)
-Do not alter reactants or products of a chemical reaction
- end in -ase

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17
Q

What is a substrate? What is formed?

A

The specific substance on which the enzyme acts; products are formed

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18
Q

Cofactor

A

Non-protein component reacting with enzyme

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19
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactors; NAD+,FAD+,NADP+

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20
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature = speed of reaction
pH = function best above 7
NaCl concentration = low preferred

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21
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitor competes for active site with substrate and is structurally similar

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22
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

Inhibitor and substract act on different enzyme sites

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23
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Regulates product production, modifies enzyme affinity to substrate

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24
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

End product of pathway acts on allosteric site of enzyme and shuts down pathway

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25
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A

reactions in which one or more electrons is transferred from one substance to another

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26
Q

Compounds that LOSE electrons are:

A

Oxidized

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27
Q

Compounds that GAIN electrons are:

A

Reduced

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28
Q

True or false: Electron carriers can be fixed OR diffusible

A

True

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29
Q

Energy currency of the cell

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

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30
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Negatively charged phosphate groups attached to an adenosine molecule; creating an unstable, energy releasing bond

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31
Q

What properties of ATP make it so well-
suited to serving as the energy currency of
the cell?

A

The high-energy unstable negative bonds release energy when broken.

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32
Q

What three mechanisms create ATP?

A

Substrate phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

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33
Q

Substrate phosphorylation

A

Uses chemical energy to add phosphate ion to molecule of ADP

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34
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Uses energy from proton motive force to add phosphate ion to ADP

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35
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Utilizing radiant energy from sun to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

36
Q

Fermentation

A

Living systems that used pyruvate as a final electron acceptor; main goal is to reoxidize NADH to NAD+

37
Q

Fermentation pathways (2)

A

Alcoholic and lactic

38
Q

How is ATP usually produced in fermentation? Max yield?

A

Substrate phosphorylation; 2 ATP(glycolysis)

39
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Metabolic pathway that generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

How is ATP usually produced in Cellular Respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

Glycolysis definition

A

Breakdown of Glucose
Common fermentation pathway, (also called Embden-Meyerhof pathway

42
Q

Redox Reactions

A

oxidation-reduction reactions, where oxidation and reduction occur in tandem

43
Q

Fermentation vs Respiration

A

F = End products varied; small amount ATP produced
F = Occurs in absence of oxygen(anaerobic)
R = Occurs in presence of oxygen(aerobic)
R = End products are consistent; large amount ATP produced

44
Q

Glycolysis requires what in order to continue

A

NADH must be oxidized to regenerate NAD+

45
Q

Glycolysis; broadly:

A

Glucose consumed; pyruvate produced
2NADH produced, only to regenerate NAD+
2ATP Produced; (whole point)

46
Q

Glycolysis end products

A

Alcohol/Wine/Cheese/Butane

47
Q

What 4 components does a standard respiration pathway involve?

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
ETC, Electron transport chain

48
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation function

A

Modifies 3-C Pyruvate from glycolysis to 2-C acetyl CoA
NAD+ is reduced to NADH

49
Q

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle function

A

Completes oxidation of glucose
Takes acetyl CoA, releases CO2
2 ATP
4 CO2
6 NADH2
2 FADH2

50
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Group of membrane-embedded electron carriers; their arrangement aids in production of proton motive force = ATP harnessed from movement

51
Q

ETC Products

A

10 Protons pumped out per NADH
One NADH = 3 ATP
6 Protons pumped out per FADH
One FADH = 2 ATP

52
Q

How much ATP produced through Substrate Phosphorylation?

A

4

53
Q

How much ATP produced through Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Eukaryotic = 38 ATP
Prokaryotic= 24 ATP

54
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Oxygen does not act as final Electron acceptor/Less efficient/Nitrate Reduction

55
Q

Chemolithotrophs functions

A

-oxidize inorganic chemicals as source of energy
-generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

Chemolithotroph groups (4)

A

Hydrogen Bacteria’’
Sulfur Bacteria’’
Iron Bacteria’’
Nitrifying Bacteria’’

57
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Organisms use to harvest energy from light
Carbs from CO2

58
Q

Two distinct stages(types) of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent = light –> chemical energy
Light independent = light reactions –> chemical compounds

59
Q

Photosystems

A

Protein complexes containing pigments

60
Q

Photosystems locations in: Cyanobacteria/plants/p+g bacteria

A

Cyanobacteria: embedded in membranes; thylakoid
Plants: thylakoids within chloroplasts
P+G: cytoplasmic membrane

61
Q

Two tasks that light dependent reactions accomplish

A

Synthesis of ATP thorough photophosphorylation
Generate reducing power to fix CO2

62
Q

Photosystem I - Cyclic

A

When only ATP is needed

63
Q

Photosystem I + II - Noncyclic

A

When ATP and reducing power are needed; NADP+ reduced to NADPH; system I is left oxidized

64
Q

Three stages of Calvin Cycle

A

-CO2 –> Organic compound
-Reduction of resulting molecules
-Regeneration of starting compound

65
Q

T or F; Noncyclic is anaerobic

A

FALSE

66
Q

T or F; Anoxygenic bacteria use water as an electron donor

A

False; use hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, or organic compounds

67
Q

Light Independent Reaction term for converting CO2 into organic carbon

A

Carbon Fixation

68
Q

Most common pathway of carbon fixation

A

Calvin cycle

69
Q

Where did the carbon found throughout the cell of a cyanobacterium originate?

Soil
Water
Air
Light

A

Air

70
Q

Where are carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis found?

A

From glycolysis intermediates or TCA

71
Q

Synthesis of what requires nitrogen bases to be constructed atom by atom from other sources?

A

Nucleotide Synthesis

72
Q

What acids are synthesized two carbons at a time?

A

Fatty(Lipid synthesis)

73
Q

What holds the growing lipid synthesis chain in place?

A

acyl carrier proteins (ACP)

74
Q

Ecology definition

A

The study of relationships between organisms to each other and the environment

75
Q

Community definition (biology)

A

Organisms in a given area

76
Q

An ecosystem is

A

communities interacting with each other and non-living environment

77
Q

Trophic level =

A

Food source of organism

78
Q

Three general trophic levels

A

Primary producers
Consumers
Decomposers

79
Q

What cycles are cyclical paths that elements take as they flow through living and nonliving components of the ecosystem?

A

Biogeochemical Cycles

80
Q

Three general purposes that elements play in an organism’s metabolism

A

Biomass production
Energy source
Terminal electron acceptor

81
Q

Carbon Cycle Steps

A

Carbon fixation
Respiration/Fermentation
Combustion
Carbon reduction
Methane oxidation

82
Q

Nitrogen cycle steps

A

Nitrogen fixation
Ammonification
Nitrification
Denitrification

83
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

process by which nitrogen gas is reduced to form ammonia

84
Q

Ammonification

A

decomposition process that converts organic nitrogen into ammonia

85
Q

Nitrification

A

process that oxidizes ammonium to nitrate

86
Q

Denitrification

A

process that converts nitrate to gaseous nitrogen

87
Q

Sulfur cycle

A

Sulfur oxidation
Sulfur reduction

Microbiology (15 decks)

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