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Microbiology > Exam 4 Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
A
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2
Q

spectrums of activity

A

Narrow and broad

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3
Q

narrow spectrum def

A

works on narrow range of organisms&raquo_space;gram+ only or gram- only

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4
Q

broad spectrum def.

A

work on broad range of organisms

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5
Q

half-life def.

A

time it takes for the body to eliminate one half the original dose in a serum

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6
Q

half-life func.

A

dictates frequency of dosage

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7
Q

synergestic def.

A

action of one drug enhances another

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8
Q

antagonstic effect def

A

action of one drug inteferes with another

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9
Q

additive effect def.

A

drug combo is neither synergestic or antagonistic

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10
Q

adverse effects of antimicrobial drugs

A

allergies
toxic
suppression of normal flora
antimicrobial resistance

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11
Q

5 targets of antibiotics

A

Cell Wall/Protein/Nucleic Acid Synthesis
cell membrane integrity
metabolic pathways

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12
Q

GROUPS OF DRUGS THAT TARGET CATEGORIES*
figure on slide 11

A
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13
Q

bacterial cells contain ____________ in their cell wall versus animal cells that do not

A

peptidoglycan

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14
Q

B-lactam drugs func.

A

intefere with peptide chain formation

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15
Q

bacitracin func.

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis

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16
Q

aminoglycosides func.

A

block initiation of translation

30s ribosome

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17
Q

macrolides func.

A

prevent protein synthesis continuation

50s ribosome

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18
Q

tetracyclines func.

A

block attachment of tRNA to ribosome 30s

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19
Q

chlorampenicol func.

A

prevents peptide bonding

50s ribosome

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20
Q

lincosamides func.

A

prevent protein synthesis continuation

50s ribosome

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21
Q

streptogramins func.

A

inteferes with peptide bond formation

50s ribosome

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22
Q

oxazolidinones func.

A

intefere with initiation of protein synthesis

50s ribosome

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23
Q

nucleic acid synthesis inhibition targeting

A

prokaryotic enzymes involved in dna or rna synthesis

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24
Q

fluoroquinolones func. (disrupts?)

A

inhibit action of DNA gyrase (disrupts DNA supercoiling)

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25
Q

Rifamycins func.

A

block prokaryotic RNA polymerase

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26
Q

folic acid is necessary for ________ ________

A

nucleotide biosynthesis

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27
Q

antimicrobrial drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways

A

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

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28
Q

most common antibiotic that inteferes with cell membrane integrity

A

Polymyxin B

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29
Q

paradox of antimicrobial use

A

resistance

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30
Q

variety of mechanisms for resisting antimicrobials (4)

A

drug-inactivating enzymes
alteration in the target molecule
decreased uptake of drugs
increased elimation of the drug

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31
Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

drug-inactivating enzymes func.

A

organisms produce enzymes that chemically modify drug
(chloramphenicol acetyltransferase alters chloarmphenicol making it ineffective)

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32
Q

Penicillinase breaks __-_____ _____ of penicillin antibiotics

A

β-lactam ring

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33
Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

alteration of target molecule func.

A

minor structural changes in antibiotic target can prevent binding

Alterations in penicillin-binding proteins prevent β-lactam drugs from binding

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34
Q

Decreased uptake of the drug func.

A

Alterations in porin proteins in outer membrane of Gram (-) cells decrease permeability of cells

Prevents certain drugs from entering

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35
Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

Increased elimination of the drug
how?

A

efflux pumps: transports detrimental compounds out of a cell
Increases overall capacity of organism to eliminate drug

Enables organism to resist higher concentrations of drug

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36
Q

Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

Acquisition of resistance can be due to ________ ______

vertical evolution

A

spontaneous mutation
(aka vertical evolution)

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37
Q

spontaneous mutation leads to what?

A

alteration of existing genes

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38
Q

Acquisition of resistance can be due to ___ ____

horizontal tranasfer

A

new genes; acquired by transfer of new genes

39
Q

T/F
spontaneous mutation occurs at an alarming rate

A

F; relatively low rate

40
Q

example of spontaneous mutation:

A

Resistance to streptomycin is result of a change in single base pair encoding protein to which antibiotic binds

41
Q

when is it is much more difficult for an organism to achieve resistance through spontaneous mutation?

A

when an antimicrobial has several targets

42
Q

what is the most common mechanism of gene transfer?

A

conjugation

43
Q

conjugation involves the transfer of what?

A

the R plasmid

44
Q

T/F
plasmids often carry only one resistance gene

A

F; R plasmid often carries several different resistance genes

Each gene mediating resistance to a specific antibiotic

Organism acquires resistance to several different drugs simultaneously

45
Q

Antiviral Drugs

what do viruses rely on for survival?

A

host cell’s machinery

46
Q

Antiviral Drugs

viral polymerases def/func

A

the enzymes that replicate the virus

47
Q

Antiviral Drugs

antiviral drugs must target what?

A

viral polymerases

48
Q

Antiviral Drugs

t/f
antiviral drugs are usually broad spectrum

A

F; only effective against specific types

None eliminate lysogenic virus

49
Q

Antiviral Drugs

entry inhibitors func.

A

prevent HIV from entering host cells

50
Q

Antiviral Drugs

how does Enfuvirtide prevent HIV?

A

binding to an HIV protein

necessary for membrane fusion

51
Q

Antiviral Drugs

how does Maraviroc work against HIV

A

by blocking cell receptors

52
Q

Antiviral Drugs

viral uncoating drugs (2)

A

amantadine and rimantadine

53
Q

Antiviral Drugs

viral uncoating drugs mode of action

A

blocking a viral protein needed for uncoating of influenza virus after entry

Prevents severity and duration of disease

54
Q

Antiviral Drugs

T/F
viral uncoating develops resistance frequently

A

T; may limit effectiveness of drug

55
Q

Antiviral Drugs

nucleotide analog drug examples (3)

A

Zidovu-dine (AZT)
Didanoi-sine (ddl)
Lamivu-dine (3TC)

56
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Nucleotide analog mode of action

A

termination of growing nucleotide chain

57
Q

Antiviral Drugs

how do antiviral drugs inhibit activation of viral polymerases (viral replicating enzymes)

A

allosteric binding

58
Q

Antiviral Drugs: Non-nucleotide polymerase inhibitor

Non-nucleotide polymerase inhibitor drug examples (2)

A

Foscarnet and Asyclovir

Used to treat cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus

59
Q

Antiviral Drugs: Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor

how do antiviral drugs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase

A

allosteric binding

60
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug examples (3)

A

Nevira-pine, delavir-dine, efavi-renz

Used in combination to treat HIV

61
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Integrase Inhibitor works how?

A

inhibiting HIV-encoded enzyme integrase

Prevents virus from inserting the DNA copy of its genome into the genome

62
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Integrase Inhibitor drug example (1)

A

Raltegr-avir

63
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Protease inhibitor works how?

A

inhibits HIV-encoded enzyme protease

Enzyme essential for production of viral particles

64
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Protease inhibitor
drug examples (2)

A

Indin-avir and Riton-avir

65
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Neuraminidase inhibitor
works how?

A

Inhibits neuraminidase enzyme of influenza

Enzyme essential for release of virus

66
Q

Antiviral Drugs

Neuraminidase inhibitor
drug examples (2)

A

Zana-mivir and Oselta-mivir

67
Q

Antifungal Drugs

T/F
There are many systemic drugs available for fungal pathogens

A

F; eukaryotes liimit available targets for selective toxicity (creating vaccine)

68
Q

Antifungal Drugs

targets of antifungals:

A

Synthesis of:
plasma membrane(ergosterol)
cell wall
nucleic acid

69
Q

Antifungal Drugs: plasma membrane synthesis and function

what is the main target for antifungal drugs?

A

ergosterol; steroid in fungal plasma membranes

70
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Drugs targeting ergosterol include
(3)

A

Polyenes
Azoles
Allylamines

71
Q

Antifungal Drugs

How does Polyenes combat fungal infections?

A

disrupts fungal membrane by binding to ergosterol

Causes leakage of cytoplasmic contents leading to cell death

Produced by Streptomyces

72
Q

Antifungal Drugs

T/F
Polyenes is very toxic to humans

A

T

Limited to use in life-threatening disease

73
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Polyenes alternative?

A

Nystatin

used topically

74
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Azoles are _______ synthesized drugs

A

chemically

Includes two classes

75
Q

Antifungal Drugs

two classes of Azoles:

A

Imidazoles and Triazoles

76
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Azoles both inhibit what?

A

Both inhibit synthesis of ergosterol

77
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Triazoles examples (2)

A

Fluconazole and Itraconazole

used for systemic infections

78
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Imidazoles include: (1)

A

Miconazole

used in topical creams and ointments

79
Q

Antifungal Drugs

how do allyamines combat fungal infections

A

Inhibit pathway of ergosterol synthesis

Administered topically

80
Q

Antifungal Drugs

what are allyamines used to treat?

A

dermatophyte infections

81
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Allylamines examples(2)

A

Nafti-fine and Terbina-fine

82
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Echinocandins disrupt what?

A

cell wall synthesis

Used to treat Candida infections

Family of agents that interfere with synthesis of glucan component of fungal cell wall

83
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Griseofulvin disrupts what?

A

cell division

Appears to interfere with action of tubulin

Used to treat skin and nail infections

84
Q

Antifungal Drugs

Flucytosine disrupts what?

A

Nucleic acid synthesis

Synthetic derivative of cytosine

Inhibits enzymes required for nucleic acid synthesis

85
Q

Which is the target of the class of antimicrobial drugs known as fluoroquinolones?

RNA polymerase

helicase

DNA gyrase

DNA polymerase

A

DNA gyrase

86
Q

The penicillins act on which type of bacteria?

gram-negative bacteria only

mostly gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria

gram-positive bacteria only

mostly gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria

A

mostly gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria

87
Q

How does penicillin work?

Penicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins, thus inhibiting the transpeptidation reaction during cell wall synthesis.

Penicillin blocks the movement of peptidoglycan subunits from the cytoplasm to the exterior of the cell.

Penicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins, thus inhibiting the transglycosylation reaction during cell wall synthesis.

Penicillin inserts into the plasma membrane, causing cell lysis.

A

Penicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins, thus inhibiting the transpeptidation reaction during cell wall synthesis.

88
Q

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as AZT, can be used to target which virus?
rabies
HIV
herpes
influenza

A

HIV

89
Q

The macrolides target which feature of the bacterial cell?
30S ribosomal subunit
cell wall
plasma membrane
50S ribosomal subunit

A

50S ribosomal subunit

90
Q

Most antifungal agents target ________, which is found in the fungal cell membrane.
cholesterol
chitin
ergosterol
peptidoglycan

A

ergosterol

91
Q

Which is the target of the antimicrobial drug known as rifampin?
RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
DNA gyrase
helicase

A

RNA polymerase

92
Q

The aminoglycosides directly target which structure of the bacterial cell?
cell wall
30S ribosomal subunit
50S ribosomal subunit
plasma membrane

A

30S ribosomal subunit

93
Q

Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides) inhibit which metabolic pathway?
pentose-phosphate pathway
Entner–Doudoroff pathway
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
folic acid synthesis pathway

A

folic acid synthesis pathway

94
Q
A

Microbiology (15 decks)

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