Exam 4: Ch. 24 Pt. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Digestive tract is aka
A
- Alimentary tract
2. GI Tract
2
Q
List accessory organs (4)
A
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Glands
3
Q
Mouth is aka
A
Oral cavity
4
Q
Accessory organs of small intestines (3)
A
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
5
Q
List general parts of large intestine (4)
A
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
6
Q
7 regions of digestive tract
A
- Mouth/oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Anus
7
Q
8 functions of digestive sys
A
- Ingestion
- Mastication
- Propulsion
- Mass movements in large intestine
- Secretion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
8
Q
Mastication: bones involved
A
Mandible
9
Q
Mastication: joint
A
TMJ
10
Q
Mastication: muscles (4)
A
- Masseter
- Buccinator
- Temporalis
- Tongue
11
Q
Mastication: classification of joint
A
Ellipsoid
12
Q
Mastication: structure of joint of teeth
A
Gomphoses
13
Q
Propulsion: where does propulsion take place?
A
From esophagus to stomach to intestines
14
Q
2 parts propulsion
A
- Deglutition/swallowing
2. Peristalsis
15
Q
Mastication: bones involved
A
Mandible
16
Q
Mastication: joint involved
A
TMJ
17
Q
Mastication: muscles involved
A
- Masseter
- Buccinator
- Temporalis
- Tongue
18
Q
Mastication: classification of joint TMJ
A
Ellipsoid
19
Q
Mastication: structure of joint
A
Gomphosis
20
Q
Propulsion: deglutition: movement of tongue
A
Tongue goes up and slides back
21
Q
Propulsion: deglutition: voluntary or involuntary?
A
Voluntary
22
Q
Propulsion: peristalsis: voluntary or involuntary
A
Involuntary
23
Q
Propulsion: peristalsis: function
A
Waves of contractions so food will move down
24
Q
F. of mass movements in large intestine?
A
reabsorption of water
25
D. of mixing in the intestines
segmental contractions in intestines that split food in opposite directions from stomach to anus
26
3 f. of secretion
1. lubricate
2. liquefy
3. digest
27
secretion: amylase enzyme: which biomolecule is being digested?
sugar/carbohydrates
28
4 types of secretion
1. amylase enzyme
2. mucus
3. water
4. bile
29
2 organs where secretion is produced
1. stomach
| 2. intestines
30
F. of bile
emulsify fats (NO digestion)
31
2 places where there is mechanical digestion
1. mouth/oral cavity
| 2. stomach
32
4 layers of digestive tract from innermost to outermost
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis
4. serosa
33
Digestive tract: mucosa: has blood vessels?
avascular
34
digestive tract: what type of tissue is lamina propia?
loose connective tissue
35
digestive tract: 2 F. of muscularis
1. supports the mucosa
| 2. mixing
36
digestive tract: 2 layers of muscularis
1. circular
| 2. longitudinal
37
digestive tract: what is special about submucosa? (3)
1. has nerves
2. has blood vessels
3. has small glands
38
regulation of digestive system: LOCAL nervous regulation: 3 types of systems
1. enteric
2. sympathetic
3. parasympathetic
39
regulation of digestive system: LOCAL nervous regulation: 3 types of neurons
1. sensory
2. motor
3. interneurons
40
regulation of digestive system: LOCAL nervous regulation: 2 functions
1. coordinates peristalsis
| 2. regulates local reflexes
41
regulation of digestive system: GENERAL nervous regulation: coordination with...
coordination with CNS
42
regulation of digestive system: GENERAL nervous regulation: Initiates reflexes of stomach...
sight, smell, taste of food
43
regulation of digestive system: GENERAL nervous regulation: 2 nervous systems involved
1. parasympathetic
| 2. sympathetic
44
regulation of digestive system: chemical regulation: 2 functions
1. production of hormones
| 2. production of paracrine chemicals
45
regulation of digestive system: chemical regulation: 2 hormones produced
1. gastrin
| 2. secretin
46
regulation of digestive system: chemical regulation: 4 paracrine chemicals produced
1. histamine
2. gastrin
3. secretin
4. acetylcholine
47
regulation of digestive system: chemical regulation: purpose of paracrine chemicals
high difference of pH is dangerous, so hormones slow down the process
48
3 types of peritoneum
1. visceral
2. parietal
3. retroperitoneal
49
F. of visceral peritoneum
cover organs
50
2 organs not covered by visceral peritoneum
1. pancreas
| 2. duodenum of small intestine
51
F. of parietal peritoneum
cover interior surface of body wall
52
retroperitoneal: D.
certain organs covered by peritoneum only on one surface and are considered behind the peritoneum
53
5 organs covered in retroperitoneal
1. kidneys
2. pancreas
3. duodenum of small intestine
4. rectum
5. urinary bladder
54
F. of ligaments in digestive system
keep organs in place
55
ligaments: what does the lesser omentum connect?
liver to stomach
56
ligaments: what does the greater omentum connect?
transverse colon to stomach
57
D. of mesenteries in tissue
CT that has blood vessels and nerves
58
list 2 ligaments assoc. with liver
1. coronary
| 2. falciform
59
location of coronary ligament
between liver and diaphragm
60
location of falciform ligament
between liver and anterior abdominal wall
61
7 structures of oral cavity
1. teeth
2. tongue
3. uvula
4. gingiva
5. lips
6. hard palate
7. soft palate
62
5 muscles for the lips
1. orbicularis oris
2. labial frenula
3. levator labis
4. platysma
5. risorius
63
lips: F. of labial frenula
keep lips closely attached to teeth
64
lips: F. of platysma
frowning
65
lips: F. of risorius
smiling
66
muscle of cheek
buccinator
67
F. of palatine tonsils
protection against bacteria
68
2 types of muscle of tongue
1. intrinsic
| 2. extrinsic
69
tongue: F. of intrinsic muscle
change shape
70
tongue: 2 F. of extrinsic muscle
protrude or retract tongue; move side to side
71
tongue: D. of lingual frenulum
structure that attaches tongue inferiorly to floor of oral cavity
72
2 sets of teeth and their period of life
1. primary, deciduous, milk: childhood
| 2. permanent/secondary: adult
73
why do humans have 2 sets of teeth?
difference in diets
74
4 types of teeth
1. incisors
2. canines
3. premolars
4. molars
75
teeth: what is the anatomical crown
part of teeth we use
76
teeth: what is the cusp
part we clean
77
teeth: where is the neck
between anatomical crown and root
78
teeth: where is the root
inside bone
79
teeth: what 3 structures does the root have?
1. periodontal ligaments
2. nerves
3. blood vessels
80
teeth: how does cavity form?
bacteria chews up enamel on cusp and makes contact with live cells underneath
81
Mastication: 5 movements
1. elevation
2. depression
3. protraction
4. retraction
5. excursion
82
3 pairs of multicellular SALIVARY glands
1. parotid
2. submandibular
3. sublingual
83
salivary glands: S. of parotid multicellular glands
1. serous
| 2. largest glands
84
salivary glands: S. of submandibular multicellular glands
mixed serous and mucus
85
salivary glands: S. of sublingual
mostly mucus; smallest
86
salivary glands: S. of lingual glands
small, coiled tubular glands on surface of tongue
87
saliva: which 2 biomolecules does saliva start digestion for?
1. lipids
| 2. carbohydrates
88
saliva: what does amylase break down?
carbohydrates/sugars
89
saliva: what does lipase break down?
lipids
90
3 F. of saliva
1. kill bacteria
2. lubrication
3. preparation for bolus
91
saliva: 2 types of nervous system used
1. sympathetic
| 2. parasympathetic
92
S. of saliva
branched
93
What structure of alimentary canal does swallowing start with?
oral cavity (teeth, tongue, hard and soft palate)
94
3 S. of pharynx
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
95
which structure of pharynx that is only part of respiratory system?
laryngopharynx
96
3 phases of swallowing/deglutition and if voluntary/involuntary
1. voluntary: bolus of food from oral cavity to pharynx
2. pharyngeal: involuntary reflex
3. esophageal: involuntary reflex
97
swallowing/deglutition: pharyngeal: role of epiglottis
block respiratory system towards trachea
98
3 S. of stomach
1. fundus
2. body
3. pyloric part
99
2 sphincters of stomach
1. cardiac/gastroesophageal sphincter
| 2. pyloric sphincter
100
location of gastroesophageal/cardiac sphincter
between esophagus and stomach
101
location of pyloric sphincter
between stomach and duodenum of small intestine
102
stomach: where do the lesser and greater omentums attach?
lesser and greater curvatures
103
3 layers of muscularis of stomach
1. longitudinal
2. circular
3. oblique
104
stomach: rugae
folded lining
105
F. of rugae in stomach
help stomach stretch
106
stomach: which S. helps with distension?
fundus
107
Stomach: What type of tissue is gastric glands made of? (Secretion)
Cuboidal
108
Stomach: F. of mucus cells
protection from high acidic levels
109
Stomach: most abundant type of cells in stomach
mucus cells
110
stomach: F. of parietal cells
produce HCL
111
stomach: chief cells: D. of pepsinogen
enzyme that is originally produced as zymogen (inactive enzyme)
112
stomach: chief cells: F. of pepsinogen
break down proteins
113
stomach: D. of endocrine cells
regulatory hormones
114
stomach: endocrine cells: F. of gastrin cells
secrete pepsinogen
115
stomach: endocrine cells: F. of somatostatin cells
inhibitor
116
stomach: endocrine cells: F. of enterochromaffin cells
histamine
117
secretions of the stomach: F. of intrinsic factor
produce vitamin B12
118
secretions of the stomach: F. of vitamin B12
DNA synthesis and growth
119
D. of chyme
food in stomach
120
Stomach: 4 F. of HCL
1. kill bacteria
2. carbohydrate digestion stops in stomach
3. denature protein
4. convert pepsinogen to pepsin
121
First two steps of hydrochloric acid production
1. blood vessels have CO2. CO2 diffuses into parietal cells
| 2. CO2 interacts with H2O and carbonic anydrase enzyme. Forms H2CO3
122
3rd step of hydrochloric acid production
H2CO3 splits into H+ (hydrogen) and HCO3- (bicarbonate)
123
4th step of hydrochloric acid production
H+ is in the parietal cells, which already has lots of H+, so cannot do diffusion to get out. Therefore, an active pump is needed to use ATP and Na inside to put H+ in the duct
124
5th/last step of hydrochloric acid production
HCO3- gets out through antiport (no ATP) and the Cl- gets in. Cl- cannot stay inside cell and gets into the duct through diffusion
125
3 phases of control of the stomach
1. cephalic
2. gastric
3. intestinal
126
control of stomach: cephalic: 2 F.
1. movements
| 2. secretion
127
which 2 of 3 phases of control of stomach has a POSITIVE effect in movement and secretion?
1. cephalic
| 2. gastric
128
which 1 of 3 phases of control of stomach has NEGATIVE effect in movement and secretion?
intestinal
129
control of the stomach: what is the stimulator during cephalic phase?
perception of food
130
control of the stomach: which 2 of 3 phases activates the VAGUS nerve to send information to the stomach?
1. cephalic phase
| 2. gastric phase
131
control of the stomach: which 2 of 3 phases is part of the parasympathetic nervous system, which activates the internal organs?
1. cephalic phase
| 2. gastric phase
132
control of stomach: D. of gastric phase
chyme stimulates the nerves
133
3 terms for food based on their location
1. bolus - swallowing
2. chyme - stomach
3. feces - intestines
134
control of stomach: what is the stimulator during gastric phase?
chyme
135
control of stomach: what is the stimulator during intestinal phase?
feces (food in duodenum)
136
control of stomach: intestinal phase: which 2 hormones are stimulated in the duodenum?
1. secretin hormone
| 2. cholecystokinin hormone (CCK)
137
what do secretin and CCK hormones inhibit?
gastrins
138
movements of stomach: 2 types of movements
1. mixing waves
| 2. peristaltic wave
139
which organ is the site of the greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water?
small intestine
140
3 parts of small intestine
1. dueodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
141
list the parts of small intestine from shortest to longest
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
142
which part of small intestine has Peyer's patches/lymph nodes?
ileum
143
which part of small intestine has enterocyte cells and Pancreatic enzymes?
ileum
144
which part of small intestine has the papilla?
ileum
145
2 entries to duodenum of the papilla
1. minor papilla
| 2. major papilla
146
small intestine: ileum: which part of papilla only has liver enzymes?
major papilla
147
small intestine: ileum: what do both parts, minor and major papilla, have _____ enzymes?
pancreatic enzymes
148
small intestine: circular folds are called...
plicae circulares
149
small intestine: what is the structure that is made of enterocytes and has blood vessels?
villi digits
150
S. intestine: type of epithelium of villi digits
simple columnar for secretion and absorption
151
s. intestine: villi digits: 3 structures are found
1. submucosa
2. blood vessels
3. lymphatic vessels
152
S. intestine: D. of microvilli digitations
Extension of the cell membrane
153
S. intestine: are the microvilli digitations avascular or vascular?
avascular
154
duodenum: type of cell that produces digestive enzymes and absorb digested food
absorptive cells
155
duodenum: type of cell that protects from bacteria
goblet cells
156
duodenum: type of cells called crypts of Lieberkuhn; site of stem cell activity at bottom of villi
intestinal glands
157
duodenum: type of immune cells are called...
granular cells
158
duodenum: type of cell that produces mucus
duodenal glands in submucosa
159
what are the 2 sites of production of mucus in small intestine?
1. goblet cells
| 2. duodenal glands
160
jejunum and ileum: there is a gradual decrease in 4 things
1. diameter
2. # of circular food
3. thickness of intestinal wall
4. # of villi
161
junction at end of small intestine is called
ileoceccal junction
162
4 types of secretions in small intestine
1. water
2. electrolytes
3. mucus
4. enzymes
163
list 3 disaccharides
1. maltose
2. lactose
3. sucrose
164
list 3 monosaccharides
1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose
165
what does peptidases enzyme do?
digest proteins into amino acids
166
what does nucleases enzyme do?
digest nucleic acids into nucleotides
167
where is the ONLY ORGAN where lipase is produced?
pancreas
168
3 types of innervation in small intestine
1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
3. enteric
169
what causes the ileocecal sphincter to close as a local reflex?
cecal distention (enlargement/swelling)
170
in which organ is bile produced?
liver
171
2 F. of bile
1. neutralize stomach acid
| 2. emulsify fats (NO digestion)
172
which hormone stimulates bile production in the liver?
secretin
173
which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to empty its bile into the duodenum?
CCK
174
are there digestive enzymes in the liver?
NO
175
where is the liver located?
on the right side underneath the diaphragm
176
where is the major and minor liver lobes located?
1. major = right
| 2. minor = left
177
which ligament separates the two lobes of the liver?
falciform ligament
178
list 3 types of ducts and vessels of the hepatic portal entry of the liver
1. hepatic ducts
2. hepatic portal veins
3. hepatic arteries
179
liver: hepatic portal entry: F. of hepatic ducts
move bile from center to outside
180
liver: what type of blood do the hepatic portal veins have?
deoxygenated blood
181
liver: why type of blood doe the hepatic arteries have?
oxygenated blood
182
why is the liver a special dark color?
mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
183
3 structures of the liver from smallest to largest
1. hepatocyte
2. hepatic cords
3. lobules
184
6 F. of hepatocytes in liver
1. produce bile
2. storage
3. interconversion of nutrients (lipids/proteins to glucose)
4. detoxification
5. phagocytosis
6. synthesis of hemoglobin
185
are digestive enzymes produced in the liver?
NO
186
name of blood vessels in lobules of liver
hepatosinusoid blood vessels
187
how is the spleen assoc. with the liver?
it shares a branch of blood vessels
188
what shape are liver lobules?
hexagon
189
3 parts of pancreas
1. head
2. body
3. tail
190
2 types of functions of pancreas
1. exocrine
| 2. endocrine
191
pancreas: exocrine: type of cells that secrete enzymes
acinar cells
192
pancreas: endocrine: what produces hormones?
pancreatic islet
193
pancreas: endocrine: what do alpha cells secrete?
glucagon
194
pancreas: endocrine: what do beta cells secrete?
insulin
195
pancreatic secretion: bicarbonate
fights acidity of food from stomach (lower pH)
196
pancreatic secretion: 3 zymogens
1. trypsinogen
2. chymotrypsinogen
3. procarboxypeptidase
197
pancreatic secretion: euterokinase and trypinogen turns to...
trypsin
198
pancreatic secretion: trypsin activates chymotrupinsogen into...
chymotrypsin
199
pancreatic secretion: trypsin actives procarboxypeptidase to...
carboxypeptidase
200
pancreatic secretion: which nerve stimulates digestive juice?
vagus nerve
201
secretin: + or - regulator for liver and pancreas
positive
202
secretin: + or - regulator for stomach
negative
203
large intestine: what attachment is part of cecum?
vermiform appendix
204
large intestine: 2 types of sphincter of anal canal
1. involuntary sphincter
| 2. voluntary sphincter
205
large intestine: tenia coli
longitudinal muscles that are clustered together
206
large intestine: haustra
bulging muscles
207
large intestine: omental appendages
attaches large intestine to peritoneum and keeps it in place
208
3 materials large intestine reabsorbs
1. water
2. vitamins
3. irons
209
hormone that stimulates appetite/hunger
ghrelin hormone
210
large intestine: what do goblet cells produce?
mucus
211
large intestine: F. of mucus
protection
212
large intestine: F. of pumps
produce acid
213
large intestine: (2) F. of bacterial
1. produce gases
| 2. produce vitamin K for coagulation
214
large intestine: feces is made of 4 things...
1. water
2. food
3. microorganisms
4. sloughed off epithelial cells
215
large intestine: what are mass movements regulated by?
local reflexes
216
large intestine: what initiates the local reflexes, which regulate the mass movements?
presence of food in stomach and duodenum
217
L. intestine: mass movement: local reflex: what organ initiates the gastrocolic reflex?
stomach
218
L. intestine: mass movement: local reflex: what organ initiates the duodenocolic reflex?
colon
219
L. intestine: where is the defecation center located?
end of spinal cord
220
liver: which vein goes from intestine to liver?
portal vein
221
liver: which vein goes from liver to intestine?
hepatic vein
222
Vitamin C is soluble or in-soluble?
soluble
