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BIO-161-B > Exam 3: Ch. 9 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch. 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of Muscular System

A
  1. Movement of the body
  2. Maintenance of posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Production of body heat
  5. Communication
  6. Constriction of organs and vessels
  7. Contraction of the heart
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2
Q

Contractibility

A

ability of a muscle to shorten with force

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3
Q

Excitability

A

capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus (from our nerves)

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4
Q

Extensibility

A

muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree

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5
Q

Elasticity

A

ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched due to sarcomere

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6
Q

Location of skeletal muscle

A
  1. bones

2. skin

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7
Q

Location of smooth

A

hollow internal organs

ex. vessels, uterus, arrector pili

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8
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

only heart

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9
Q

Control/nerves of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

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10
Q

Control/nerves of smooth muscle

A

involuntary

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11
Q

Control/nerves of cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

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12
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A
  1. movement
  2. support
  3. communication
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13
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

internal organ regulation

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14
Q

Function of cardiac muscle

A

cardiac circulation

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15
Q

Multi or unicellular: skeletal muscle

A

multicellular

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16
Q

Multi or unicellular: smooth

A

unicellular

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17
Q

Multi or unicellular: cardiac

A

unicellular

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18
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle

A

myofibril filaments

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19
Q

Structure of cardiac muscle

A
  1. gap junctions

2. allow ions to move through Ca, Na, K

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20
Q

How to identify skeletal muscle

A
  1. nuclei on same line

2. small vertical lines (sarcomeres/striations)

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21
Q

how to identify smooth muscle

A

does not have striations

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22
Q

how to identify cardiac muscle

A
  1. striations

2. intercalated disks btw cells

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23
Q

epimysium

A

CT surrounding whole muscle

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24
Q

perimysium

A

CT surrounding fascicle

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25
Q

endomysium

A

CT surrounding individual muscle fiber

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26
Q

muscular fascia

A

CT sheet

  1. external to epimysium
  2. holds muscles together and separates them into functional groups
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27
Q

Thin filament is called

A

actin

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28
Q

thick filament is called

A

myosin

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29
Q

myofilament is composed of

A

protein threads

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30
Q

sarcomeres

A
  1. repeating units of myofilaments
  2. smalled structural and functional unit
  3. allows elasticity
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31
Q

parts of a muscle: smallest to largest

A
  1. myofibril
  2. myofiber
  3. fasciculum/fascicle
  4. muscle
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32
Q

myofibril part: transverse tubule is: the extension of… and surrounds the…

A
  1. extension of membrane

2. surrounds myofibril for depolarization for muscle contraction and release Ca++

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33
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum: stores… for contraction

A

calcium

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34
Q

mitochondria produces…for muscle relaxation

A

ATP

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35
Q

cramps happen when ATP… and Ca++ is not…

A

ATP relaxes and Ca++ is NOT released

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36
Q

3 units of actin

A
  1. F actin molecules
  2. tropomyosin
  3. troponin
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37
Q

2 units of myosin molecule

A

head and tail

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38
Q

ATP’s role in cross-bridge movement

A

separates myosin head from actin

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39
Q

Sarcomere: 2 structures that get smaller

A

I band and H zone

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40
Q

Sarcomere: Z disk

A

point of attachment for actin myofilaments

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41
Q

Sarcomere: I band contains ONLY…

A

thin filaments

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42
Q

Sarcomere: how to identify I band

A

lightest colored band with dark stripe

43
Q

Sarcomere: how to identify A band

A

dark colored band with thick filaments

44
Q

Sarcomere: length does not change when sarcomere shorten

A

A band

45
Q

Sarcomere: this area is the length of thick filaments

A

A band

46
Q

Sarcomere: This area contains overlapping thin and thick filaments

A

A band

47
Q

Sarcomere: how to identify H zone

A

lighter colored band in btw two I bands

48
Q

Sarcomere: this area contains ONLY thick filaments

A

H zone

49
Q

Sarcomere: these two’s lengths decreases when sarcomere shortens

A

H zone and I band

50
Q

Sarcomere: how to identify M line

A

center of H zone

51
Q

Sarcomere: M line is point of attachment for…

A

the thick filaments

52
Q

Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

53
Q

Neuromuscular junction: Found in synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal; contains neurotransmitter molecules

A

synaptic vesicles

54
Q

Neuromuscular junction: Area of sarcolemma across from synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal; contains neurotransmitter receptors

A

motor end plate

55
Q

Neuromuscular junction: Space between synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal and sarcolemma

A

synaptic cleft

56
Q

Neuromuscular junction: Divides into synaptic end bulbs at neurotransmitter junction

A

axon terminal

57
Q

Neuromuscular junction: Parts of axon terminal that form neuromuscular junction

A

synaptic end bulb

58
Q

Sarcomere: region in A band where actin and myosin do not overlap

A

H zone

59
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers: what pump is needed for muscle contractions?

A

Na+/K+ pump

60
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers: + or - at rest?

A
  • at rest b/c more - charge inside of cell
61
Q

Na+/K+ pump: Channels use diffusion or ATP?

A

diffusion

62
Q

Na+/K+ pump: depolarization

A

becomes more positive

63
Q

Na+/K+ pump: repolarization

A

return to negative at rest

64
Q

Skeletal muscle: all or none principle

A

need several stimuli to get response

65
Q

Action potential: how directions does action potential go in?

A

only one b/c it’s hyper polarized

66
Q

3 phases of muscle twitch

A
  1. lag phase
  2. contraction phase
  3. relaxation phase
67
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it

68
Q

How many motor units needed? Eye movement, playing violin

A

many

69
Q

How many motor units needed? Quads

A

1 b/c one movement

70
Q

Muscle contraction: complete tetanus

A

no relaxation btw contractions

71
Q

Active tension

A

force applied to an object to be lifted when a muscle contracts

72
Q

Passive tension

A

tension applied to load when a muscle is stretched but not stimulated

73
Q

Muscle contractions: isometric and EX

A

no change in length but tension increases

ex. postural muscles

74
Q

Muscle contractions: isotonic

A

change in length but tension is constant

75
Q

Muscle contractions: concentric

A

overcomes opposing resistance and muscle shorten

76
Q

Muscle contractions: eccentric and EX

A

tension maintained but muscle lengthens

ex. holding grocery bags

77
Q

Muscle contractions: muscle tone

A

constant tension by muscles for long periods of time

78
Q

3 types of muscle fatigue

A
  1. psychological/mind
  2. muscular/lack of ATP
  3. synaptic/lack of acetylcholine
79
Q

when does physiological contracture and rigor mortis happen?

A

after dying

80
Q

How much ATP does aerobic exercise use?

A

a lot

81
Q

How much ATP does anaerobic exercise use?

A

limited

82
Q

Slow twitch muscles in chicken (dark meat)

A

legs

83
Q

Fast twitch muscles in chicken (white meat)

A

breasts

84
Q

F: slow twitch

A

endurance/fatigue-resistance

85
Q

F: fast twitch

A

responds rapidly

86
Q

Skeletal or smooth: Shape of tissue, location: multinucleated, many fibers are fused together, near bones and skin

A

skeletal

87
Q

Skeletal or smooth: Shape of tissue, location: single cells, no fusion, around hollow organs, for peristalsis

A

smooth

88
Q

Skeletal or smooth: sarcolemma: has T tubules

A

skeletal

89
Q

Skeletal or smooth: sarcolemma: has Caveolae

A

smooth

90
Q

Skeletal or smooth: Boundaries of the contractile unit: Z disks

A

skeletal

91
Q

Skeletal or smooth: Boundaries of the contractile unit: dense bodies

A

smooth

92
Q

Skeletal or smooth: Storage of Calcium: sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

skeletal

93
Q

Skeletal or smooth: Storage of Calcium: extracellular calcium is used for contraction

A

smooth

94
Q

Skeletal or smooth: role of calcium: Contraction by in changes in conformation

A

skeletal

95
Q

Skeletal or smooth: role of calcium: contraction by activating enzymes

A

smooth

96
Q

Skeletal or smooth: contraction: ATP binds to the head of the myosin and Ca is pumped into the SER

A

skeletal

97
Q

Skeletal or smooth: contraction: An enzyme removes the phosphate group

A

smooth

98
Q

Smooth muscle is under the control of…

A

hormones

99
Q

Does smooth muscle need ATP for relaxation?

A

NO

100
Q

Does smooth muscle need Ca++ for contraction?

A

YES

101
Q

Effects of aging on skeletal muscle

A

Reduced muscle mass
Increased time for muscle to contract in response to nervous stimuli
Reduced stamina
Increased recovery time
Loss of muscle fibers
Decreased density of capillaries in muscle

102
Q

Skeletal or smooth: which uses Ca++ to contract?

A

both

103
Q

Skeletal or smooth: which uses ATP for relaxation?

A

skeletal

BIO-161-B (15 decks)

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