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BIO-161-B > Exam 1: Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch. 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ex. substance thru diffusion

A

lipids

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2
Q

what does water require to pass membrane?

A

aquaporin channels

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3
Q

osmosis

A

water flows from high to low concentration

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4
Q

4 differences btw cilia and flagella: number, type of cell, function, movement

A

Cilia: a lot, respiratory and reproductive system, moves substances over cell ex. dust and bacteria, ‘power stroke’
Flagella: 1, sperm, moves the entire cell, continuous motion

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5
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute

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6
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute

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7
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area to increase contact

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8
Q

cholesterol

A

lipid makes membrane fluid

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9
Q

protein in membrane

A

transfer substances in and out; recognition

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10
Q

enzymes

A

digest food

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11
Q

concentration gradient

A

cells naturally flow from high to low concentration

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12
Q

cytoskeleton

A

proteins that give cell shape ex. neurons

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13
Q

structure and function of nucleus

A

S: nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, double membrane
F: nucleolus synthesis RNA

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14
Q

structure and function of rER

A

S: network of vesicles
F: protein synthesis

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15
Q

structure and function of sER

A

S: network of vesicles
F: makes lipids, detoxifies substances and stores minerals

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16
Q

Structure and function of golgi

A

S: vesicles
F: process and packages substances from ER

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17
Q

Structure and function of mitochondria

A

S: double membrane, cristae inside
F: produce ATP, cellular respiration

18
Q

structure and function of lysosome

A

S: single layered vesicle
F: digestive enzyme, recycling, phagocytosis

19
Q

structure and function of proteasome

A

S: large protein complexes
F: recycling

20
Q

structure and function of peroxisome

A

S: smaller than lysosomes
F: digest fatty acids, remove reactive oxygen

21
Q

structure and function of centrosome

A

S: made of 2 centrioles
F: cell division

22
Q

Structure and function of ribosome

A

S: RNA and protein, small unit and large unit
F: protein synthesis

23
Q

2 types of movement through membrane

A

diffusion, osmosis, mediated transport

24
Q

mediated transport: facilitated diffusion

A

passive but uses channels

25
Q

3 characteristics of mediated transport

A

specificity (for type of molecule), competition (similar shape), and saturation (rate)

26
Q

endocytosis: phagocytosis

A

cell eats small particles

ex. white blood cells

27
Q

endocytosis: pinocytosis

A

cell drinking molecules dissolved in liquid

ex. liver, kidneys

28
Q

endocytosis: receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

picks up cholesterol

29
Q

Where does RNA polymerase bind?

A

promoter region

30
Q

where does the RNA end?

A

terminator region

31
Q

of introns =

A

exons - 1

32
Q

function of introns

A

help regulate other gene production

33
Q

2 steps to posttranscriptional processing

A
  1. remove introns

2. put 5’ cap and poly-a-tail

34
Q

4 steps for translation

A
  1. small unit ribosome identifies mRNA
  2. tRNA and fMET arrives. Big unit ribosome arrives.
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination at STOP codon
35
Q

diploid

A

2 copies of chromosomes

36
Q

haploid

A

1 copy of chromosomes

only in gametes

37
Q

5 characteristics of mitosis

A
  1. somatic cells
  2. produce 2 cells
  3. identical daughter cells
  4. no crossover
  5. 1 phase
38
Q

6 characteristics of meiosis

A
  1. germ cell
  2. produce 4 cells
  3. different daughter cells
  4. crossover
  5. reduction in # of chromosomes (23)
  6. 2 phases
39
Q

congenital disorders

A

birth defects from teratogens

40
Q

oncogenes

A

genes assoc. w/ cancer; opposite of tumor suppressor genes

41
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

opposite of oncogenes

BIO-161-B (15 decks)

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