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BIO-161-B > Exam 2: Ch 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Ch 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

F: skeletal system

A

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production

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2
Q

3 components of skeletal system

A
  1. bone,
  2. cartilage,
  3. tendons and ligaments (connective tissue)
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3
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

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4
Q

F: skeletal system

A

protection, support, movement, storage, blood cell production

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5
Q

Hyaline: 2 types of cell

A
  1. chondoblast

2. chondrocyte

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6
Q

Hyaline: chondroblast

A
  1. young cell

2. forms matrix

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7
Q

Hyaline: chondrocyte

A
  1. differentiated mature cell
  2. surrounded by matrix
  3. in lacunae
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8
Q

Hyaline: 2 components of matrix

A
  1. Collagen

2. proteoglycan

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9
Q

Hyaline: proteoglycans

A

proteins that attach to sugars and store water

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10
Q

Hyaline: amount of cells vs matrix?

A

even amount of both cells and matrix

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11
Q

Hyaline: has nerves and blood vessels?

A

No nerves and no vessels/avascular

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12
Q

Hyaline: perichondrium

A

outermost layer

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13
Q

Fibrocartilage: amount of cells vs matrix?

A

less cells, more matrix ( = more resistance)

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14
Q

Fibrocartilage: 3 locations on body map

A
  1. Vertebrae discs
  2. Pubic symphysis
  3. Underneath the knees
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15
Q

Elastic cartilage: what is special about their collagen fibers?

A

tissue elasticity can return

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16
Q

Elastic cartilage: 2 locations on body map

A
  1. Epiglottis (flap that covers windpipe)

2. Ear

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17
Q

Articular cartilage: location on bones?

A

joints

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18
Q

2 types of growth

A
  1. appositional

2. interstitial

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19
Q

Growth: appositional

A

new chondrocytes and matrix at periphery

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20
Q

Growth: interstitial

A

chondrocytes divide w/in tissue and add matrix btw cells

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21
Q

connective tissue: amount of cells vs matrix?

A

more matrix

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22
Q

4 types of bone

A
  1. woven
  2. lamellar
  3. spongy
  4. compact
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23
Q

Woven bone

A

a. collagen fibers randomly oriented
b. during fetal development
c. during fracture repair

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24
Q

Lamellar bone

A

a. Organized
b. has different shapes
c. Has highways
d. mature bone in sheets called lamellae

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25
Q

Spongy bone

A

a. Responds to tension
b. Located in extremities of long bones
c. Located in skull (lighter than compact)

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26
Q

Compact bone

A

Responds to gravity

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27
Q

3 types of bone cell

A
  1. osteoblast
  2. osteocyte
  3. osteoclast
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28
Q

which bone cell involved in hematopoietic system?

A

osteoclast

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29
Q

2 MAIN types of bone

A

woven and lamellar

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30
Q

which hormone is responsible for increasing bone mass?

A

testosterone

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31
Q

During endochondral ossification, which part becomes bone first?

A

diaphysis

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32
Q

Which bone supports all your weight?

A

talus

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33
Q

F: osteoblast

A

Formation of bone through ossification or osteogenesis.

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34
Q

ossification

A

formation of bone by osteoblasts.

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35
Q

osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells. Surrounded by matrix, but can make small amounts of matrix to maintain it.

36
Q

lacunae

A

spaces occupied by osteocyte cell body

37
Q

canaliculi

A

canals occupied by osteocyte cell processes

38
Q

F: osteoclasts

A
  1. resorption of bone
  2. release enzymes that digest bone
  3. derived from monocytes (from stem cells in red bone marrow)
39
Q

What do mesenchyme (osteochondral progenitor cells) become?

A

chondroblasts or osteoblasts

40
Q

What happens during bone remodeling?

A
  1. removing old bone and adding new

2. woven bone is remodeled into lamellar bone

41
Q

Spongy bone: structural unit?

A

trabeculae

42
Q

Spongy bone: trabeculae

A
  1. interconnecting rods or plates of bone life scaffolding

2. filled with marrow

43
Q

Compact bone: central/Haversian canal:

A

parallel to long axis

44
Q

Compact bone: lamellae

A
  1. concentric
45
Q

Compact bone: structural unit

A

osteon/Haversian system

46
Q

Compact bone: perforating/Volkmann’s canal

A
  1. perpendicular to long axis

2. flow of nutrients from osteoblast to next

47
Q

Ex. long bones

A

upper and lower limbs

48
Q

Ex. short bones

A

carpals and tarsals

49
Q

ex. flat bones

A

ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae

50
Q

ex. irregular bones

A

vertebrae, facial

51
Q

Long bone: medullary cavity

A

children: red to yellow bone marrow

52
Q

What is spongy bone lined with?

A

endosteum

53
Q

Bone development: location of intramembranous ossification

A

takes place in connective tissue membrane

54
Q

Bone development: location of endochondral ossification

A

cartilage

55
Q

Bone development: centers of ossification

A

locations in membrane where ossification begins

56
Q

Bone development: fontanels

A

large membrane-covered spaces btw developing skull bones; unossified

57
Q

which is first? intramembranous ossification OR endochondral ossification?

A

intramembranous ossification

58
Q

2 types of bone cells part of blood forming unit?

A

osteoblast and osteocyte

59
Q

what type of bone is located in skull? makes it lighter

A

spongy bone

60
Q

Compact bone: location of interstitial lamellae?

A

fill in gaps between osteons

61
Q

Compact bone: location of circumferential lamellae?

A

surrounds the periphery of bone

62
Q

D: stress fracture

A

small cracks on bone due to overuse

63
Q

what is cartilage ONLY lined with?

A

perichondrium

64
Q

bone growth: does articular cartilage ossify?

A

No, articular cartilage does not ossify

65
Q

5 zones of epiphyseal plate

A
  1. resting cartilage
  2. proliferation
  3. hypertrophy
  4. calcification (chondrocytes enlarge b/c don’t like Ca and P, so Ca and P will die)
  5. ossified bone (Chondrocytes die here. Has lots of Ca and P)
66
Q

osteomalacia

A

lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones

67
Q

F: vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis by osteoblasts

68
Q

scurvy

A

deficiency of vitamin C

69
Q

*Growth H: Site of production

A

anterior pituitary

70
Q

*Growth H: Effect

A

growth interstitial cartilage and bone appositional growth

71
Q

*Thyroid H: site of production

A

thyroid

72
Q

*Thyroid H: effect

A

growth of all tissues

73
Q

*Calcitonin: site of production

A

thyroid (parafollicular cells)

74
Q

*Calcitonin: stimulus for production

A

high calcium in blood

75
Q

*Calcitonin: effect

A

reduced bone thinning

76
Q

*Parathyroid H: site of production

A

chief cells parathyroid gland

77
Q

*Parathyroid H: stimulus for production

A

low calcium in blood

78
Q

*Parathyroid H: effect

A

enhances bone thinning, Ca

79
Q

*Sex H: Estrogen: site of production

A

ovaries

80
Q

*Sex H: Estrogen: effect

A

reduces bone reabsorption

81
Q

*Sex H: Testosterone: site of production

A

testis

82
Q

*Sex H: Testosterone: effect

A

increases bone mass

83
Q

*4 steps of bone repair

A
  1. hematoma formation (clotting)
  2. callus formation
  3. callus ossification (callus replaced by woven, spongy bone)
  4. bone remodeling (spongy bone replaced by compact bone through osteoclasts)
84
Q

effects of aging on skeletal system

A
  1. decrease in collagen
  2. dec in matrix
  3. dec in mass
    4 inc fractures
85
Q

bone fractures: greenstick

A

incomplete fracture that occurs on the convex side of the curve of a bone

86
Q

bone fractures: comminuted

A

complete w/ 2+ pieces

87
Q

impacted fracture

A

one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of other fragment

BIO-161-B (15 decks)

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