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COB - Cell/Molecular Biology > Exam 3 - Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells, and Tissue Renewal > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells, and Tissue Renewal Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unspecialized cells, capable of self-renewal, serve as an internal repair system for various cell types.

A

Stem cells

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2
Q

Tissues that undergo regular division of stem cells.

A

Gut, bone marrow, and skin.

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3
Q

Tissues that undergo special division of stem cells.

A

Pancrease, brain, and heart.

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4
Q

True/False: Stem cells are terminally differentiated.

A

False

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5
Q

True/False: Stem cell division has no limitation and is slow.

A

True

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6
Q

Result of the division of a stem cell.

A

Another stem cell or a differentiated cell

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7
Q

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to all cells of an organism. Including embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues.

A

Totipotency

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8
Q

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to all cells of the embryo and therefore adult tissues.

A

Pluripotency

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9
Q

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage.

A

Multipotency

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10
Q

What type of stem cell type is a zygote?

A

Totipotent

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11
Q

What type of stem cell is an embryonic stem cell?

A

Pluripotent

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12
Q

What type of stem cell is an adult stem cell?

A

Multipotent

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13
Q

Stem cell maintenance, 2 cells are created, one cell is a stem cell the other has the ability to differentiate.

A

Asymmetric division

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14
Q

Stem cell maintenance, 2 identical cells are produced, outcome of cell is random or dependent on its environment.

A

Independent choice

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15
Q

Failure of asymmetric division that can be explained by independent choice.

A

Failure to explain how stem cells rapidly increase their numbers when needed for repair.

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16
Q

Internal signals that influence process of differentation/keep cells as stem cells.

A

Cell genes

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17
Q

External signals that influence process of differentation/keep cells as stem cells.

A

Chemical signals (i.e. secreted from neighboring cells), physical contact with neighboring cells, stem cell-stem cell interaction, stem cell-differentiated cell interaction, molecule in the microenvironment.

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18
Q

Extracellular matrix, growth factors, oxygen tension, ionic strength, pH, metabolites (i.e. ATP) are all examples of what?

A

Molecules in the microenvironment that serve as external signals.

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19
Q

Fixed number of stem cells associated with each organ/tissue, programmed to divide a fixed number of time, define the size of large final structures.

A

Founder stem cells

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20
Q

Result of the division of a founder stem cells.

A

One daughter cell (i.e. remains a stem cell) and a transit amplifying cell.

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21
Q

Cells in-between stem cell and differentiated cell, programmed to divide a limited number of times.

A

Transit amplifying cells

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22
Q

What are the following examples of: epidermal/intestinal/hematopoietic/neural stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells

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23
Q

What are the role of adult stem cells?

A

Internal repair system

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24
Q

What regulates adult stem cells?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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25
Q

Layer of skin, outer covering, acts as water barrier, consists of epithelial cells, and responds to various stimuli.

A

Epidermis

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26
Q

Second layer of skin, full of collagen, provides toughness.

A

Dermis

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27
Q

Layer of skin, fatty subcutaneous layer (i.e. provides insulation)

A

Hypodermis

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28
Q

What changes from layer to layer of the cells of the epidermis?

A

A change in gene expression.

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29
Q

Cell of the skin, secretes extracellular matrix (i.e. provide mechanical support).

A

Fibroblast

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30
Q

Cell of the skin, lines blood vessels, supplies nutrients/oxygen, removes waste products.

A

Endothelial cells

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31
Q

Cells of the skin, immune cells (i.e. defense against microbes and pathogens).

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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32
Q

Cell of the skin, permit adaptive immune response.

A

Lymphocytes

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33
Q

Cell of the skin, collect sensory informaiton.

A

Nerve fibers

34
Q

Outermost layer of epidermis, cells are dead and packed with keratin.

A

Squame

35
Q

Last layer of metabolically active cells in the epidermis, forms waterproof barrier.

A

Granular cell layer

36
Q

Layer of epidermis, contains desmosomes attached to keratin filaments.

A

Prickle cell layer

37
Q

Layer of epidermis containing stem cells.

A

Basal cell layer

38
Q

Layer that separates the dermis and epidermis.

A

Basal lamina

39
Q

What signals to stem cell of the epidermis to remain stem cell?

A

Contact with basal lamina

40
Q

Generally, what type of cells are required for renewal of epidermis via stem cells?

A

Cells that can divide and differentaite, cells that renew worn out cells, and cells that remain undifferentiated.

41
Q

Cells that provide indefinite supply of fresh differentiated cells during renewal of epidermis.

A

Stem cells

42
Q

What preserves stem cell potential in epidermal stem cells?

A

Maintenance of basal lamina contact

43
Q

What triggers stem cells for terminal differentiation in the epidermis?

A

Loss of contact with the basal lamina

44
Q

What directly correlates with the proliferation potential of epidermal stem cells?

A

Expression of Beta1 subunit of integrin (i.e. mediates adhesion to basal lamina)

45
Q

Factors governing renewal of epidermis.

A

Rate of stem cell division, rate of division of amplifying cells, timing of exit from layer to layer of epidermis.

46
Q

Where hair grows upwards from.

A

Dermal papilla

47
Q

Gland that secretes sebum and is associated with hair follicles.

A

Sebaceous glands

48
Q

Location of stem cells in hair follicles.

A

Bulge

49
Q

Role of stem cells associated with hair follicles.

A

Reconstructs hair follicle, gives rise to hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis.

50
Q

Result of overactivation of the hedgehog pathway in epidermis renewal.

A

Continual cell division can give rise to cancers/tumors.

51
Q

Result of a deficit of hedgehog pathway in epidermis renewal.

A

Loss of sebaceous glands.

52
Q

Result of up-regulation of Wnt signaling in epidermis renewal.

A

Extra hair follicles develop, gives rise to tumors.

53
Q

Role of notch signalling in epidermis renewal.

A

Restricts size of stem cell population.

54
Q

Role of lateral inhibition in epidermis renewal.

A

Signals neighbors of stem cells to become transit amplifying cells.

55
Q

Role of TGF-Beta in epidermis renewal.

A

Repairs skin wounds, promotes formation of collagen rich scar tissue.

56
Q

Layer of the emybro that derives the specialized epithelium.

A

Ectoderm

57
Q

Cells that act as transducers, conver signals from environment into an electrical form to be interpreted by CNS.

A

Sensory cells

58
Q

Sensory cell of the eyes.

A

Photoreceptors

59
Q

Sensory cell of the ears.

A

Auditory hair cells

60
Q

Sensory cell of the nose.

A

Olfactory sensory neurons

61
Q

Portion of the sensory cell that detects external stimuls and converts it intoa change in membrane potential.

A

Apical end

62
Q

Portion of the sensory cell that synapses with the neuron.

A

Basal end

63
Q

Location of olfactory sensory neuron.

A

Olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity

64
Q

Type of neuron that olfactory neurons are.

A

Bipolar neurons

65
Q

Part of the olfactory neuron that faces the extracellular environment.

A

Dendrite

66
Q

Part of the olfactory neuron that travels alon the olfactory nerve.

A

Axon

67
Q

Tiny projections of the dendrites of olfactory neurons.

A

Hair-like cilia

68
Q

Cells present in between neurons, hold neurons in place and separate them from one another.

A

Supporting cells

69
Q

Keeps sensory surface of epithelium moist and provides protection.

A

Mucus

70
Q

A type of G protein coupled receptor found on the free surfaces of cilia associated with olfactory neurons.

A

Odorant receptor proteins

71
Q

True/False: Each neuron can response to various classes of odorant molecules.

A

False, one class

72
Q

Describes the mechanical steps of an olfactory receptor response, from activated olfactory receptor to depolarization/action potetial.

A

Activates G-protein (GOLF), activates adenylate cyclase, produces cyclic AMP, ion channel of plasma membrane opens, sodium and calcium flows into cell, depolarization occurs

73
Q

Relay station in brain within olfactory bulbs.

A

Glomeruli

74
Q

How do the axons of olfactory neurons with the same odorant receptor behave as it pertains to the glomerulus?

A

All converge on the same glomerulus.

75
Q

Survival time of an olfactory neuron.

A

1 month

76
Q

Location of neural stem cells used to replace olfactory neurons.

A

Basal cells of olfactory epithelium

77
Q

Guide axons, direct growth cone to connection with correct glomerulus in olfactory bulb.

A

Odorant receptor protiens

78
Q

Associated with reduced olfaction.

A

Aging and neurodegenerative disorders.

79
Q

Parts of the brain where stem cells are prevalent.

A

Ventricles of forebrain and hippocampus

80
Q

Where do the stem cells of the ventricles of the forebrain migrate to?

A

Olfactory buld to differentiate into olfactory neurons

81
Q

Part of the brain responsible for learning and memory function, responsible for plasticity of adult brain.

A

Hippocampus

82
Q

Culture of neural stem cells, neural cells, and glial cells.

A

Neurosphere

COB - Cell/Molecular Biology (12 decks)

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