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COB - Cell/Molecular Biology > Exam 3 - Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells, and Tissue Renewal > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells, and Tissue Renewal Flashcards

1
Q

Unspecialized cells, capable of self-renewal, serve as an internal repair system for various cell types.

A

Stem cells

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2
Q

Tissues that undergo regular division of stem cells.

A

Gut, bone marrow, and skin.

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3
Q

Tissues that undergo special division of stem cells.

A

Pancrease, brain, and heart.

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4
Q

True/False: Stem cells are terminally differentiated.

A

False

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5
Q

True/False: Stem cell division has no limitation and is slow.

A

True

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6
Q

Result of the division of a stem cell.

A

Another stem cell or a differentiated cell

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7
Q

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to all cells of an organism. Including embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues.

A

Totipotency

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8
Q

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to all cells of the embryo and therefore adult tissues.

A

Pluripotency

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9
Q

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to different cell types of a given lineage.

A

Multipotency

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10
Q

What type of stem cell type is a zygote?

A

Totipotent

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11
Q

What type of stem cell is an embryonic stem cell?

A

Pluripotent

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12
Q

What type of stem cell is an adult stem cell?

A

Multipotent

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13
Q

Stem cell maintenance, 2 cells are created, one cell is a stem cell the other has the ability to differentiate.

A

Asymmetric division

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14
Q

Stem cell maintenance, 2 identical cells are produced, outcome of cell is random or dependent on its environment.

A

Independent choice

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15
Q

Failure of asymmetric division that can be explained by independent choice.

A

Failure to explain how stem cells rapidly increase their numbers when needed for repair.

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16
Q

Internal signals that influence process of differentation/keep cells as stem cells.

A

Cell genes

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17
Q

External signals that influence process of differentation/keep cells as stem cells.

A

Chemical signals (i.e. secreted from neighboring cells), physical contact with neighboring cells, stem cell-stem cell interaction, stem cell-differentiated cell interaction, molecule in the microenvironment.

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18
Q

Extracellular matrix, growth factors, oxygen tension, ionic strength, pH, metabolites (i.e. ATP) are all examples of what?

A

Molecules in the microenvironment that serve as external signals.

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19
Q

Fixed number of stem cells associated with each organ/tissue, programmed to divide a fixed number of time, define the size of large final structures.

A

Founder stem cells

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20
Q

Result of the division of a founder stem cells.

A

One daughter cell (i.e. remains a stem cell) and a transit amplifying cell.

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21
Q

Cells in-between stem cell and differentiated cell, programmed to divide a limited number of times.

A

Transit amplifying cells

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22
Q

What are the following examples of: epidermal/intestinal/hematopoietic/neural stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells

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23
Q

What are the role of adult stem cells?

A

Internal repair system

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24
Q

What regulates adult stem cells?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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25
Layer of skin, outer covering, acts as water barrier, consists of epithelial cells, and responds to various stimuli.
Epidermis
26
Second layer of skin, full of collagen, provides toughness.
Dermis
27
Layer of skin, fatty subcutaneous layer (i.e. provides insulation)
Hypodermis
28
What changes from layer to layer of the cells of the epidermis?
A change in gene expression.
29
Cell of the skin, secretes extracellular matrix (i.e. provide mechanical support).
Fibroblast
30
Cell of the skin, lines blood vessels, supplies nutrients/oxygen, removes waste products.
Endothelial cells
31
Cells of the skin, immune cells (i.e. defense against microbes and pathogens).
Macrophages and dendritic cells
32
Cell of the skin, permit adaptive immune response.
Lymphocytes
33
Cell of the skin, collect sensory informaiton.
Nerve fibers
34
Outermost layer of epidermis, cells are dead and packed with keratin.
Squame
35
Last layer of metabolically active cells in the epidermis, forms waterproof barrier.
Granular cell layer
36
Layer of epidermis, contains desmosomes attached to keratin filaments.
Prickle cell layer
37
Layer of epidermis containing stem cells.
Basal cell layer
38
Layer that separates the dermis and epidermis.
Basal lamina
39
What signals to stem cell of the epidermis to remain stem cell?
Contact with basal lamina
40
Generally, what type of cells are required for renewal of epidermis via stem cells?
Cells that can divide and differentaite, cells that renew worn out cells, and cells that remain undifferentiated.
41
Cells that provide indefinite supply of fresh differentiated cells during renewal of epidermis.
Stem cells
42
What preserves stem cell potential in epidermal stem cells?
Maintenance of basal lamina contact
43
What triggers stem cells for terminal differentiation in the epidermis?
Loss of contact with the basal lamina
44
What directly correlates with the proliferation potential of epidermal stem cells?
Expression of Beta1 subunit of integrin (i.e. mediates adhesion to basal lamina)
45
Factors governing renewal of epidermis.
Rate of stem cell division, rate of division of amplifying cells, timing of exit from layer to layer of epidermis.
46
Where hair grows upwards from.
Dermal papilla
47
Gland that secretes sebum and is associated with hair follicles.
Sebaceous glands
48
Location of stem cells in hair follicles.
Bulge
49
Role of stem cells associated with hair follicles.
Reconstructs hair follicle, gives rise to hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis.
50
Result of overactivation of the hedgehog pathway in epidermis renewal.
Continual cell division can give rise to cancers/tumors.
51
Result of a deficit of hedgehog pathway in epidermis renewal.
Loss of sebaceous glands.
52
Result of up-regulation of Wnt signaling in epidermis renewal.
Extra hair follicles develop, gives rise to tumors.
53
Role of notch signalling in epidermis renewal.
Restricts size of stem cell population.
54
Role of lateral inhibition in epidermis renewal.
Signals neighbors of stem cells to become transit amplifying cells.
55
Role of TGF-Beta in epidermis renewal.
Repairs skin wounds, promotes formation of collagen rich scar tissue.
56
Layer of the emybro that derives the specialized epithelium.
Ectoderm
57
Cells that act as transducers, conver signals from environment into an electrical form to be interpreted by CNS.
Sensory cells
58
Sensory cell of the eyes.
Photoreceptors
59
Sensory cell of the ears.
Auditory hair cells
60
Sensory cell of the nose.
Olfactory sensory neurons
61
Portion of the sensory cell that detects external stimuls and converts it intoa change in membrane potential.
Apical end
62
Portion of the sensory cell that synapses with the neuron.
Basal end
63
Location of olfactory sensory neuron.
Olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity
64
Type of neuron that olfactory neurons are.
Bipolar neurons
65
Part of the olfactory neuron that faces the extracellular environment.
Dendrite
66
Part of the olfactory neuron that travels alon the olfactory nerve.
Axon
67
Tiny projections of the dendrites of olfactory neurons.
Hair-like cilia
68
Cells present in between neurons, hold neurons in place and separate them from one another.
Supporting cells
69
Keeps sensory surface of epithelium moist and provides protection.
Mucus
70
A type of G protein coupled receptor found on the free surfaces of cilia associated with olfactory neurons.
Odorant receptor proteins
71
True/False: Each neuron can response to various classes of odorant molecules.
False, one class
72
Describes the mechanical steps of an olfactory receptor response, from activated olfactory receptor to depolarization/action potetial.
Activates G-protein (GOLF), activates adenylate cyclase, produces cyclic AMP, ion channel of plasma membrane opens, sodium and calcium flows into cell, depolarization occurs
73
Relay station in brain within olfactory bulbs.
Glomeruli
74
How do the axons of olfactory neurons with the same odorant receptor behave as it pertains to the glomerulus?
All converge on the same glomerulus.
75
Survival time of an olfactory neuron.
1 month
76
Location of neural stem cells used to replace olfactory neurons.
Basal cells of olfactory epithelium
77
Guide axons, direct growth cone to connection with correct glomerulus in olfactory bulb.
Odorant receptor protiens
78
Associated with reduced olfaction.
Aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
79
Parts of the brain where stem cells are prevalent.
Ventricles of forebrain and hippocampus
80
Where do the stem cells of the ventricles of the forebrain migrate to?
Olfactory buld to differentiate into olfactory neurons
81
Part of the brain responsible for learning and memory function, responsible for plasticity of adult brain.
Hippocampus
82
Culture of neural stem cells, neural cells, and glial cells.
Neurosphere

COB - Cell/Molecular Biology (12 decks)

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