Exam 1 Flashcards
What RNA serves as scaffold and regulates diverse cell processes (i.e. X-chromosome inactivation)
IncRNAs
What DNA repiar mechanism is defective in patients with Bloom syndrome?
Homologous recombination
What class of polymerases has the most processivity?
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
What is the eraser for a phosphate?
Phosphatase
Which DNA repair mechanism is defective in patients with Xeroederma Pigmentosa?
Nucleotide excision repair
How are group II introns removed?
Self-catalyzed, may require enzyme, forms lariat structure
What DNA polymerase synthesizes the lagging strand?
DNA polymerase delta
What experiment(s) concluded that DNA replication was semiconservatice?
Meselson/Stahl (15N v 14N DNA in bacteria)
What RNA binds to piwi proteins and protects the germ line from transposable elements?
piRNAs
Which loop functions as a homologous recombination intermediate?
D loops
What direct is protein synthesized?
N to C terminus
What types of organisms have spliceosomal introns?
Eukaryotes only
What RNA functions as a messange and codes for proteins?
mRNA
What DNA polymerases are involved in translesion synthesis?
Rev1, Zeta, eta, iota
The lipid bilayer is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary to make a semi-perimeable cell membrane.
Necessary but not sufficient
How are tRNA introns removed?
Protein-mediated, intron sits across the anticodon, tRNA split and re-ligated
Term that falls under homolog. Term for a gene duplicaiton within a species.
Paralog
What RNA delivers amino acids to the growing peptide chain during translation?
tRNA
What RNA is central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids?
tRNA
What class of polymerases has the least processivity?
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
What is the writer for an unbiquitin mark?
U3 or Ubiquitin Ligase
What DNA polymerase adds the initial dNTPs onto RNA primer?
DNA polymerase alpha
An individual copy of a multicopy gene is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary
Sufficient but not necessary (i.e. under this catergory function can be done on its own but is redundant)
What is the writer for a methyl mark?
HMT (methyl transferase)
DNA is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary to cause transformation from R to S-type Streptococcus
Necessary and sufficient
The BLM gene is mutated via a nonsense or frameshift mutaito in patients with Bloom Syndrome. What is defective due to this mutaiton?
RecQ protien (i.e. functions with replication and recombinaiton to repair damaged replication forks)
What is the eraser for an acetyl mark?
HDAC (deacetylase)
What RNA forms the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis?
rRNAs
What DNA repair mechanisms are inaccurate?
Translesion synthesis and non-homologous end joining
What proteins are used in the initiation of transcription (recruit RNA polymerase II)?
TFs
Term that falls under homolog. Term for a gene between species.
Ortholog
What RNA regulates gene expression by blocking translation of specific mRNAs and cause their degradation?
miRNAs
What RNA helps to process and chemically modify rRNAs
snoRNAs
What experiment(s) concluded that a genetic material exists?
Griffith (transformation experiment with mice)
The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase eta/iota/zeta or Rev 1and PCNA
Translesion synthesis
Which loop protects the ends of telomeres?
T loops
How are group I introns removed?
Self-catalyzed and yeilds linear/circularized intron
What DNA repair mechanism is defective in patients with Ataxia-Telangiectasia?
Homologous recombination
What is the eraser for an ubiquitin eraser?
DUB of deubiquitinating enzyme
What DNA polymerases are involved in nucleotide excision repair?
Delta, epsilon, and kappa
What DNA-dependent DNA polymerase has the lowest fidelity?
Repair
What is the writer for a phosphate?
Kinase
What DNA polymerases are involved in nonhomologous end joining?
TdT, upsilon, lambda
What is the function of the 3’ poly A tail?
Define the exact 3’ end of the RNA
Which loop is involved in the transcription bubble?
R loops
How are spliceosomal intros removed?
Protein-mediated, lariat structure
What gene is mutated in Ataxia-Telangiectasia (acts as master kinase)?
ATM gene
What process (transcription, translation, or neither) are release factors associated with?
Translation
What DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand?
DNA polymerase epsilon
In divergent evolution this is the term for a gene derived from a common ancestor.
Homologs
What is the eraser for a methyl mark?
HDM (demethylase)
What experiment(s) concluded DNA was the genetic material?
Avery/MacLeod/McCarty (transformation experiemtn with cell culture) and Hershey/Chase (Radiolabeled bacteriophages)
How does epigenetics effect expression patterns?
Histone marks and DNA methylation
What RNA functions in a variety of nuclear process including the splicing of pre-mRNA?
snRNAs
What DNA-dependent DNA polymerase has the highest fidelity?
Replication (i.e. delta)
What type of RNA is a component of the ribosome?
rRNA
What process (transcription, translation, or neither) is FACT associated with?
Transcription
What DNA polymerase as involved in base excision repair?
Beta and lambda
What is the writer for an acetyl mark?
HAT (acetyltransferase)
The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase kappa/sigma/epsilon and TFII/UVR enzymes/DNA Ligase
Nucleotide excision repair
What RNA turns off gene expression by directing the degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures?
siRNAs
The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase upsilon/lambda or TdT and Ku70/Ku80/DNA Ligase IV
Non-homologous end joining
The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase sigma/eta/zeta and RAD51/Spo11/MRN/RPA/BRCA2
Homologous recombination
The following protiens and polymerases correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase beta or lambda and Glycosylase/AP Endonuclease/DNA Ligase
Base excision repair
What components are considered UTRs?
5’ Cap and 3’ Poly A tail
What direction is DNA synthesized?
5’ to 3’
What interacts in order to initiate translation? (i.e. ribosome recruitment)
CBC, PABPs, and eIFs
What are the two enzymes involved in nonsense mediated decay?
UPF1 and SMG1
What are the two sources of qualtiy control during translation?
Presence of 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail and nonsense mediated decay
