Exam 1 Flashcards by Richard Marino

What RNA serves as scaffold and regulates diverse cell processes (i.e. X-chromosome inactivation)

IncRNAs

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What DNA repiar mechanism is defective in patients with Bloom syndrome?

Homologous recombination

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What class of polymerases has the most processivity?

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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What is the eraser for a phosphate?

Phosphatase

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Which DNA repair mechanism is defective in patients with Xeroederma Pigmentosa?

Nucleotide excision repair

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How are group II introns removed?

Self-catalyzed, may require enzyme, forms lariat structure

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What DNA polymerase synthesizes the lagging strand?

DNA polymerase delta

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What experiment(s) concluded that DNA replication was semiconservatice?

Meselson/Stahl (15N v 14N DNA in bacteria)

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What RNA binds to piwi proteins and protects the germ line from transposable elements?

piRNAs

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Which loop functions as a homologous recombination intermediate?

D loops

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What direct is protein synthesized?

N to C terminus

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What types of organisms have spliceosomal introns?

Eukaryotes only

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What RNA functions as a messange and codes for proteins?

mRNA

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What DNA polymerases are involved in translesion synthesis?

Rev1, Zeta, eta, iota

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The lipid bilayer is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary to make a semi-perimeable cell membrane.

Necessary but not sufficient

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How are tRNA introns removed?

Protein-mediated, intron sits across the anticodon, tRNA split and re-ligated

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Term that falls under homolog. Term for a gene duplicaiton within a species.

Paralog

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What RNA delivers amino acids to the growing peptide chain during translation?

tRNA

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What RNA is central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids?

tRNA

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What class of polymerases has the least processivity?

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

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What is the writer for an unbiquitin mark?

U3 or Ubiquitin Ligase

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What DNA polymerase adds the initial dNTPs onto RNA primer?

DNA polymerase alpha

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An individual copy of a multicopy gene is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary

Sufficient but not necessary (i.e. under this catergory function can be done on its own but is redundant)

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What is the writer for a methyl mark?

HMT (methyl transferase)

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DNA is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary to cause transformation from R to S-type Streptococcus

Necessary and sufficient

The BLM gene is mutated via a nonsense or frameshift mutaito in patients with Bloom Syndrome. What is defective due to this mutaiton?

RecQ protien (i.e. functions with replication and recombinaiton to repair damaged replication forks)

What is the eraser for an acetyl mark?

HDAC (deacetylase)

What RNA forms the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis?

rRNAs

What DNA repair mechanisms are inaccurate?

Translesion synthesis and non-homologous end joining

What proteins are used in the initiation of transcription (recruit RNA polymerase II)?

TFs

Term that falls under homolog. Term for a gene between species.

Ortholog

What RNA regulates gene expression by blocking translation of specific mRNAs and cause their degradation?

miRNAs

What RNA helps to process and chemically modify rRNAs

snoRNAs

What experiment(s) concluded that a genetic material exists?

Griffith (transformation experiment with mice)

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase eta/iota/zeta or Rev 1and PCNA

Translesion synthesis

Which loop protects the ends of telomeres?

T loops

How are group I introns removed?

Self-catalyzed and yeilds linear/circularized intron

What DNA repair mechanism is defective in patients with Ataxia-Telangiectasia?

Homologous recombination

What is the eraser for an ubiquitin eraser?

DUB of deubiquitinating enzyme

What DNA polymerases are involved in nucleotide excision repair?

Delta, epsilon, and kappa

What DNA-dependent DNA polymerase has the lowest fidelity?

Repair

What is the writer for a phosphate?

Kinase

What DNA polymerases are involved in nonhomologous end joining?

TdT, upsilon, lambda

What is the function of the 3' poly A tail?

Define the exact 3' end of the RNA

Which loop is involved in the transcription bubble?

R loops

How are spliceosomal intros removed?

Protein-mediated, lariat structure

What gene is mutated in Ataxia-Telangiectasia (acts as master kinase)?

ATM gene

What process (transcription, translation, or neither) are release factors associated with?

Translation

What DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand?

DNA polymerase epsilon

In divergent evolution this is the term for a gene derived from a common ancestor.

Homologs

What is the eraser for a methyl mark?

HDM (demethylase)

What experiment(s) concluded DNA was the genetic material?

Avery/MacLeod/McCarty (transformation experiemtn with cell culture) and Hershey/Chase (Radiolabeled bacteriophages)

How does epigenetics effect expression patterns?

Histone marks and DNA methylation

What RNA functions in a variety of nuclear process including the splicing of pre-mRNA?

snRNAs

What DNA-dependent DNA polymerase has the highest fidelity?

Replication (i.e. delta)

What type of RNA is a component of the ribosome?

rRNA

What process (transcription, translation, or neither) is FACT associated with?

Transcription

What DNA polymerase as involved in base excision repair?

Beta and lambda

What is the writer for an acetyl mark?

HAT (acetyltransferase)

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase kappa/sigma/epsilon and TFII/UVR enzymes/DNA Ligase

Nucleotide excision repair

What RNA turns off gene expression by directing the degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures?

siRNAs

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase upsilon/lambda or TdT and Ku70/Ku80/DNA Ligase IV

Non-homologous end joining

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase sigma/eta/zeta and RAD51/Spo11/MRN/RPA/BRCA2

Homologous recombination

The following protiens and polymerases correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase beta or lambda and Glycosylase/AP Endonuclease/DNA Ligase

Base excision repair

What components are considered UTRs?

5' Cap and 3' Poly A tail

What direction is DNA synthesized?

5' to 3'

What interacts in order to initiate translation? (i.e. ribosome recruitment)

CBC, PABPs, and eIFs

What are the two enzymes involved in nonsense mediated decay?

UPF1 and SMG1

What are the two sources of qualtiy control during translation?

Presence of 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail and nonsense mediated decay