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COB - Cell/Molecular Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What RNA serves as scaffold and regulates diverse cell processes (i.e. X-chromosome inactivation)

A

IncRNAs

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2
Q

What DNA repiar mechanism is defective in patients with Bloom syndrome?

A

Homologous recombination

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3
Q

What class of polymerases has the most processivity?

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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4
Q

What is the eraser for a phosphate?

A

Phosphatase

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5
Q

Which DNA repair mechanism is defective in patients with Xeroederma Pigmentosa?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

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6
Q

How are group II introns removed?

A

Self-catalyzed, may require enzyme, forms lariat structure

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7
Q

What DNA polymerase synthesizes the lagging strand?

A

DNA polymerase delta

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8
Q

What experiment(s) concluded that DNA replication was semiconservatice?

A

Meselson/Stahl (15N v 14N DNA in bacteria)

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9
Q

What RNA binds to piwi proteins and protects the germ line from transposable elements?

A

piRNAs

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10
Q

Which loop functions as a homologous recombination intermediate?

A

D loops

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11
Q

What direct is protein synthesized?

A

N to C terminus

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12
Q

What types of organisms have spliceosomal introns?

A

Eukaryotes only

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13
Q

What RNA functions as a messange and codes for proteins?

A

mRNA

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14
Q

What DNA polymerases are involved in translesion synthesis?

A

Rev1, Zeta, eta, iota

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15
Q

The lipid bilayer is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary to make a semi-perimeable cell membrane.

A

Necessary but not sufficient

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16
Q

How are tRNA introns removed?

A

Protein-mediated, intron sits across the anticodon, tRNA split and re-ligated

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17
Q

Term that falls under homolog. Term for a gene duplicaiton within a species.

A

Paralog

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18
Q

What RNA delivers amino acids to the growing peptide chain during translation?

A

tRNA

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19
Q

What RNA is central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids?

A

tRNA

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20
Q

What class of polymerases has the least processivity?

A

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

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21
Q

What is the writer for an unbiquitin mark?

A

U3 or Ubiquitin Ligase

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22
Q

What DNA polymerase adds the initial dNTPs onto RNA primer?

A

DNA polymerase alpha

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23
Q

An individual copy of a multicopy gene is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary

A

Sufficient but not necessary (i.e. under this catergory function can be done on its own but is redundant)

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24
Q

What is the writer for a methyl mark?

A

HMT (methyl transferase)

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25
Q

DNA is necessary but not sufficient/necessary and sufficient/sufficient but not necessary to cause transformation from R to S-type Streptococcus

A

Necessary and sufficient

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26
Q

The BLM gene is mutated via a nonsense or frameshift mutaito in patients with Bloom Syndrome. What is defective due to this mutaiton?

A

RecQ protien (i.e. functions with replication and recombinaiton to repair damaged replication forks)

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27
Q

What is the eraser for an acetyl mark?

A

HDAC (deacetylase)

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28
Q

What RNA forms the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis?

A

rRNAs

29
Q

What DNA repair mechanisms are inaccurate?

A

Translesion synthesis and non-homologous end joining

30
Q

What proteins are used in the initiation of transcription (recruit RNA polymerase II)?

A

TFs

31
Q

Term that falls under homolog. Term for a gene between species.

A

Ortholog

32
Q

What RNA regulates gene expression by blocking translation of specific mRNAs and cause their degradation?

A

miRNAs

33
Q

What RNA helps to process and chemically modify rRNAs

A

snoRNAs

34
Q

What experiment(s) concluded that a genetic material exists?

A

Griffith (transformation experiment with mice)

35
Q

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase eta/iota/zeta or Rev 1and PCNA

A

Translesion synthesis

36
Q

Which loop protects the ends of telomeres?

A

T loops

37
Q

How are group I introns removed?

A

Self-catalyzed and yeilds linear/circularized intron

38
Q

What DNA repair mechanism is defective in patients with Ataxia-Telangiectasia?

A

Homologous recombination

39
Q

What is the eraser for an ubiquitin eraser?

A

DUB of deubiquitinating enzyme

40
Q

What DNA polymerases are involved in nucleotide excision repair?

A

Delta, epsilon, and kappa

41
Q

What DNA-dependent DNA polymerase has the lowest fidelity?

A

Repair

42
Q

What is the writer for a phosphate?

A

Kinase

43
Q

What DNA polymerases are involved in nonhomologous end joining?

A

TdT, upsilon, lambda

44
Q

What is the function of the 3’ poly A tail?

A

Define the exact 3’ end of the RNA

45
Q

Which loop is involved in the transcription bubble?

A

R loops

46
Q

How are spliceosomal intros removed?

A

Protein-mediated, lariat structure

47
Q

What gene is mutated in Ataxia-Telangiectasia (acts as master kinase)?

A

ATM gene

48
Q

What process (transcription, translation, or neither) are release factors associated with?

A

Translation

49
Q

What DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand?

A

DNA polymerase epsilon

50
Q

In divergent evolution this is the term for a gene derived from a common ancestor.

A

Homologs

51
Q

What is the eraser for a methyl mark?

A

HDM (demethylase)

52
Q

What experiment(s) concluded DNA was the genetic material?

A

Avery/MacLeod/McCarty (transformation experiemtn with cell culture) and Hershey/Chase (Radiolabeled bacteriophages)

53
Q

How does epigenetics effect expression patterns?

A

Histone marks and DNA methylation

54
Q

What RNA functions in a variety of nuclear process including the splicing of pre-mRNA?

A

snRNAs

55
Q

What DNA-dependent DNA polymerase has the highest fidelity?

A

Replication (i.e. delta)

56
Q

What type of RNA is a component of the ribosome?

A

rRNA

57
Q

What process (transcription, translation, or neither) is FACT associated with?

A

Transcription

58
Q

What DNA polymerase as involved in base excision repair?

A

Beta and lambda

59
Q

What is the writer for an acetyl mark?

A

HAT (acetyltransferase)

60
Q

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase kappa/sigma/epsilon and TFII/UVR enzymes/DNA Ligase

A

Nucleotide excision repair

61
Q

What RNA turns off gene expression by directing the degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures?

A

siRNAs

62
Q

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase upsilon/lambda or TdT and Ku70/Ku80/DNA Ligase IV

A

Non-homologous end joining

63
Q

The following protien and polymerase correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase sigma/eta/zeta and RAD51/Spo11/MRN/RPA/BRCA2

A

Homologous recombination

64
Q

The following protiens and polymerases correlates with which DNA repair mechanism: Polymerase beta or lambda and Glycosylase/AP Endonuclease/DNA Ligase

A

Base excision repair

65
Q

What components are considered UTRs?

A

5’ Cap and 3’ Poly A tail

66
Q

What direction is DNA synthesized?

A

5’ to 3’

67
Q

What interacts in order to initiate translation? (i.e. ribosome recruitment)

A

CBC, PABPs, and eIFs

68
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in nonsense mediated decay?

A

UPF1 and SMG1

69
Q

What are the two sources of qualtiy control during translation?

A

Presence of 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail and nonsense mediated decay

COB - Cell/Molecular Biology (12 decks)

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